Table 1.
Estimated regression coefficients for the effect of particulate matter with diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from household combustion and other variables on the three (3) life expectancy variables.
| Variables | ALEX | FLEX | MLEX |
|---|---|---|---|
| ALEX(−1) | −0.791 * (0.084) | ||
| FLEX(−1) | −0.835 * (0.056) | ||
| MLEX(−1) | −0.773 *(0.079) | ||
| ln (PM2.5H) × 10 | −0.214 *** (0.007) | −0.326 *** (0.000) | −0.201 ** (0.015) |
| ln (PM2.5TR) × 10 | −0.127 ** (0.036) | −0.095 ** (0.042) | −0.182 ** (0.021) |
| ln (PM2.5MC) × 10 | −0.921 (0.584) | −0.110 (0.192) | −0.139 (0.403) |
| ln (PM2.5OT) × 10 | −0.083 (0.617) | −0.065 (0.235) | −0.086 (0.148) |
| GDP | 0.022 ** (0.011) | 0.028 *** (0.001) | 0.017 ** (0.029) |
| ln HEXP | 0.038 *** (0.003) | 0.044 *** (0.001) | 0.029 *** (0.008) |
| P-HIV/AIDS | −0.206 *** (0.000) | −0.183 *** (0.000) | −0.213 *** (0.004) |
| PUNP | −0.067 ** (0.031) | −0.045 ** (0.024) | −0.038 *** (0.001) |
| PUP | 0.021 ** (0.025) | 0.016 ** (0.014) | 0.024 ** (0.047) |
| PPS | 0.001 (0.304) | 0.009 (0.712) | 0.013 (0.459) |
| Validity Tests | |||
| Countries | 43 | 43 | 43 |
| AR(1) (p-value) | 0.008 | 0.029 | 0.041 |
| AR(2) (p-value) | 0.427 | 0.266 | 0.489 |
| Hansen-J test (p-value) | 0.321 | 0.186 | 0.218 |
Note: ALEX indicates aggregate life expectancy; FLEX is female life expectancy; MLEX refers to male life expectancy; ALEX(−1) refers to the lagged previous period of aggregate life expectancy; FLEX(−1) refers to the lagged previous period of female life expectancy; MLEX(−1) refers to the lagged previous period of male life expectancy; ln (PM2.5H) stands for the logarithm of PM2.5 from household combustion; ln (PM2.5TR) stands for the logarithm of PM2.5 from the transportation sector; ln (PM2.5MC) stands for the logarithm of PM2.5 from manufacturing industries and construction; ln (PM2.5OT) stands for the logarithm of PM2.5 from other sectors; p-values are in parentheses; *** significant at 1%; ** significant at 5%; * significant at 10%; GMM stands for generalized method of moments; AR( ) refers to the Arellano–Bond test; GDP refers to gross domestic product; HEXP refers to the health expenditure per capita; ln HEXP refers to the logarithm of health expenditure per capita; P-HIV/AIDS refers to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the population; PUNP refers to the prevalence of undernourished people in the population; PUP refers to the proportion of urban population in the country PPS refers to the proportion of population with primary school education.