Table 4.
Estimates of long-run coefficients for aggregate life expectancy (ALEX), female life expectancy (FLEX) and male life expectancy (MLEX).
| Long-Run Coefficients | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | ALEX | FLEX | MLEX | |||
| Panel OLS | Panel DOLS | Panel OLS | Panel DOLS | Panel OLS | Panel DOLS | |
| ln (PM2.5H) × 10 | −0.216 *** (0.001) | −0.218 *** (0.000) | −0.324 *** (0.004) | −0.323 *** (0.009) | −0.206 *** (0.000) | −0.204 ** (0.023) |
| ln (PM2.5TR) × 10 | −0.128 *** (0.008) | −0.129 ** (0.034) | −0.097 ** (0.021) | −0.095 ** (0.027) | −0.178 ** (0.044) | −0.181 ** (0.016) |
| ln (PM2.5MC) × 10 | −0.901 (0.306) | −1.004 (0.850) | −0.108 (0.763) | −0.114 (0.333) | −0.133 (0.995) | −0.142 (0.617) |
| ln (PM2.5OT) × 10 | −0.095 (0.621) | −0.089 (0.144) | −0.061 (0.291) | −0.069 (0.804) | −0.083 (0.104) | −0.087 (0.571) |
| GDP | 0.023 ** (0.015) | 0.022 ** (0.041) | 0.026 ** (0.035) | 0.027 ** (0.018) | 0.018 *** (0.009) | 0.019 *** (0.000) |
| ln HEXP | 0.037 ** (0.027) | 0.037 ** (0.011) | 0.048 *** (0.000) | 0.043 *** (0.003) | 0.027 *** (0.001) | 0.029 ** (0.012) |
| P-HIV/AIDS | −0.210 ** (0.033) | −0.205 *** (0.004) | −0.187 *** (0.001) | −0.184 *** (0.002) | −0.209 *** (0.007) | −0.211 *** (0.000) |
| PUNP | −0.067 ** (0.019) | −0.068 ** (0.025) | −0.043 ** (0.016) | −0.045 *** (0.000) | −0.037 ** (0.021) | −0.038 ** (0.017) |
| PUP | 0.020 ** (0.043) | 0.022 ** (0.012) | 0.013 ** (0.039) | 0.014 ** (0.022) | 0.024 ** (0.011) | 0.025 ** (0.038) |
| PPS | 0.008 (0.172) | 0.004 (0.532) | 0.011 (0.466) | 0.006 (0.395) | 0.018 (0.275) | 0.017 (0.611) |
Note: p-values are in parentheses and **; *** denote statistical significance at the 5% and 1%, respectively; PM2.5H is PM2.5 from household combustion; PM2.5TR is PM2.5 from transport; PM2.5MC is PM2.5 from manufacturing industries and construction; and PM2.5OT is PM2.5 from other sectors; OLS refers to ordinary least square; DOLS refers to dynamic ordinary least square.