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AQP4-Ab promotes extracellular mtDNA releases from astrocytes. Human astrocytes incubated with sera from NMOSD patients showed balloon-like morphological change (arrowheads) (a). The level of extracellular mtDNA in the culture medium was higher with sera from NMOSD in human astrocytes (b). The total amount of DNA did not differ between the two groups (c). The data are expressed as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05; NS not significant (p ≥ 0.05). Bar 20 μm
