Table 3.
Mean consumption of added sugar by sub-group among pregnant women in the United States (ages 20–39 years), NHANES 2003–2012.
| Category | n | Mean Intake (% kcal) |
95% Confidence Interval |
P-value1 (Adjusted) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Screening | ||||
| 20–24 | 194 | 15.4% | (13.6%, 17.2%) | ref |
| 25–29 | 225 | 14.3% | (12.2%, 16.3%) | 0.801 |
| 30–34 | 161 | 13.8% | (11.5%, 16.1%) | 0.702 |
| 35–39 | 70 | 12.9% | (10.4%, 15.5%) | 0.433 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 285 | 15.8% | (13.8%, 17.8%) | ref |
| Mexican American | 176 | 13.8% | (11.4%, 16.2%) | 0.460 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 113 | 14.2% | (11.8%, 16.6%) | 0.571 |
| Other | 76 | 12.5% | (9.9%, 15.2%) | 0.207 |
| Poverty Level | ||||
| PIR < 100% | 171 | 14.8% | (12.5%, 17.0%) | 0.919 |
| PIR 101–185% | 144 | 15.8% | (13.5%, 18.1%) | 0.444 |
| PIR 186–350% | 135 | 12.1% | (9.9%, 14.3%) | 0.676 |
| PIR > 350% | 200 | 13.7% | (11.4%, 15.9%) | ref |
| Education Level | ||||
| Less than High School | 171 | 12.6% | (9.9%, 15.3%) | 0.730 |
| HS Diploma or GED | 130 | 13.6% | (11.6%, 15.7%) | 0.979 |
| Some College | 192 | 15.9% | (14.0%, 17.8%) | 0.443 |
| College Degree or Above | 157 | 14.2% | (12.4%, 16.0%) | ref |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | 428 | 13.2% | (11.4%, 15.0%) | ref |
| Not married | 222 | 15.0% | (13.0%, 17.0%) | 0.195 |
| Trimester | ||||
| Missing | 51 | 13.6% | (11.7%, 15.6%) | 1.00 |
| 1st (1–3 Months) | 149 | 14. 5% | (12.4%, 16.6%) | 0.934 |
| 2nd (4–6 Months) | 226 | 14.8% | (13.7%, 16.9%) | 0.662 |
| 3rd (7–9 Months) | 224 | 13.5% | (11.4%, 15.6%) | ref |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI2 | ||||
| Missing | 14 | 14.1% | (10.1%, 18.1%) | 0.999 |
| Underweight | 35 | 15.1% | (11.0%, 19.1%) | 0.939 |
| Normal Weight | 324 | 13.5% | (12.5%, 14.5%) | ref |
| Overweight | 154 | 14.3% | (12.2%, 16.4%) | 0.944 |
| Obese | 123 | 13.7% | (11.9%, 15.4%) | 0.999 |
| Survey Year2 | ||||
| 2003–2004 | 202 | 15.8% | (13.8%, 18.0%) | ref |
| 2005–2006 | 299 | 14.1% | (12.0%, 16.2%) | 0.58 |
| 2007–2008 | 49 | 13.5% | (11.4%, 15.7%) | 0.41 |
| 2009–2010 | 54 | 13.1% | (10.6%, 15.5%) | 0.31 |
| 2011–2012 | 46 | 13.9% | (11.7%, 16.1%) | 0.66 |
1
P-values for pairwise differences comparing the stratified subgroup level to the reference level in multivariable regression adjusting for other covariates (age, race/ethnicity, PIR, education, marital status, pre-pregnancy BMI, trimester, and survey year). Tukey-Kramer adjustments were applied to account for multiple comparisons