Table 1.
Trends in the percent of U.S. adults with mean daily supplemental calcium intake at or exceeding the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (95% CI): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2014
| 1999–2000 | 2001–2002 | 2003–2004 | 2005–2006 | 2007–2008 | 2009–2010 | 2011–2012 | 2013–2014 | p-quadratic trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=4,551 | N=5,035 | N=4,759 | N=4,598 | N=5,842 | N=6,114 | N=5,476 | N=5,663 | ||
| Overall | 2.5 (1.9, 3.3) | 3.8 (3.1, 4.6) | 6.7 (5.3, 8.5) | 5.1 (4.4, 5.8) | 6.0 (5.1, 7.1) | 5.4 (4.7, 6.2) | 4.4 (3.6, 5.5) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Women | 3.6 (2.7, 5.1) | 6.0 (4.9, 7.3) | 9.6 (7.5, 12.1) | 8.0 (6.9, 9.1) | 9.5 (7.8, 11.5) | 8.1 (7.2, 9.2) | 6.6 (5.4, 8.1) | 7.1 (5.8, 8.7) | <0.001 |
| Men | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 3.8 (2.7, 5.3) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.1) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.9) | 0.002 |
| Race/Ethnicity† | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Whites | 3.2 (2.3, 4.4) | 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) | 8.5 (6.6, 10.9) | 6.1 (5.2, 7.1) | 7.6 (6.3, 9.3) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.7) | 5.4 (4.4, 6.6) | 5.6 (4.6, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.8) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.8) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.2) | 0.20 |
| Hispanics | 0.3 (0.0, 2.2) | 2.2 (1.2, 4.0) | 2.9 (1.0, 8.1) | 1.1 (0.1, 7.7) | 3.1 (1.9, 4.9) | 3.0 (2.2, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.7, 5.2) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.0) | 0.02 |
| Mexican Americans | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.01 |
| Asian Americans‡ | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 4.6 (2.8, 7.6) | 4.6 (2.9, 7.3) | n/a |
| Age | |||||||||
| 20–40y | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) | 2.9 (1.7, 4.9) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 2.6 (1.6, 4.1) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.007 |
| 41–50y | 2.8 (1.7, 4.4) | 4.8 (3.1, 7.2) | 7.9 (5.1, 12.0) | 6.2 (4.3, 8.9) | 4.1 (2.8, 6.0) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.9) | 3.9 (2.5, 6.1) | 4.0 (2.7, 5.9) | 0.02 |
| 51–60y | 3.6 (2.2, 5.9) | 7.0 (5.3, 9.2) | 7.6 (5.5, 10.3) | 5.7 (3.8, 8.5) | 8.9 (6.4, 12.3) | 9.4 (6.8, 12.8) | 4.6 (2.5, 8.2) | 5.0 (3.3, 7.6) | 0.001 |
| 61–70y | 3.7 (2.4, 5.6) | 5.9 (4.2, 8.3) | 13.4 (10.5, 16.9) | 10.1 (7.5, 13.4) | 12.1 (8.4, 17.2) | 10.7 (7.8, 14.4) | 9.0 (6.2, 12.9) | 10.4 (7.6, 13.9) | 0.002 |
| >70y | 3.5 (1.9, 6.4) | 6.0 (4.4, 8.3) | 10.5 (8.1, 12.1) | 8.1 (6.9, 9.5) | 10.5 (8.4, 13.0) | 8.9 (7.3, 10.9) | 7.5 (5.6, 10.0) | 8.5 (6.7, 10.6) | <0.001 |
*
P-value from linear regression by modeling survey period using quadratic term and as a continuous variable (year*year)
†
Individuals self-identified their race and whether they were of Hispanic origin (i.e. Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, other race – including multi-racial). Those who reported other race – including multi-racial are reported in the total population but not separately
‡
Starting in 2011–12, non-Hispanic Asians were also oversampled and included as a new race/ethnicity response