Table 3.

Trends among calcium-containing supplement users in the percent of U.S. adult with mean daily supplemental calcium intake at or exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) (95% CI): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2014^*

	1999–2000	2001–2002	2003–2004	2005–2006	2007–2008	2009–2010	2011–2012	2013–2014	p-quadratic trend^†
	N=1,510	N=1,795	N=2,139	N=2,022	N=2,285	N=2,393	N=1,992	N=2,091	p-quadratic trend^†
Overall	0.3 (0.1, 0.9)	0.6 (0.4, 1.0)	0.7 (0.4, 1.0)	1.1 (0.7, 1.9)	1.2 (0.7, 2.0)	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	0.3 (0.1, 0.8)	0.4 (0.2, 0.8)	<0.001
Sex
Women	0.3 (0.1, 1.6)	0.8 (0.4, 1.5)	0.6 (0.4, 1.1)	1.4 (0.7, 2.6)	1.5 (0.9, 2.7)	1.2 (0.7, 2.1)	0.4 (0.1, 1.4)	0.6 (0.3, 1.5)	0.007
Men	0.2 (0.0, 1.3)	0.2 (0.1, 1.0)	0.7 (0.3, 1.6)	0.8 (0.3, 2.0)	0.7 (0.3, 1.5)	0.9 (0.4, 1.9)	0.1 (0.0, 0.5)	0.0 (0.0, 0.3)	0.001
Race/ethnicity^‡
Non-Hispanic Whites	0.3 (0.1, 1.1)	0.7 (0.4, 1.2)	0.7 (0.4, 1.2)	1.3 (0.8, 2.3)	1.3 (0.7, 2.3)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	0.4 (0.1, 1.0)	0.4 (0.2, 1.0)	<0.001
Non-Hispanic Blacks	n/a	n/a	1.3 (0.3, 5.1)	0.6 (0.2, 2.1)	1.1 (0.3, 3.7)	1.6 (0.7, 3.7)	0.2 (0.0, 1.5)	n/a	n/a
Hispanics	n/a	n/a	0.6 (0.1, 4.2)	n/a	0.2 (0.0, 1.6)	0.6 (0.2, 2.4)	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mexican Americans	0.1 (0.0, 0.6)	n/a	0.4 (0.1, 3.0)	n/a	n/a	0.1 (0.0, 0.08)	n/a	n/a	n/a
Asian Americans^§	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	0.3 (0.0, 2.1)	0.6 (0.1, 4.2)	n/a
Age
20–40y	n/a	n/a	n/a	0.4 (0.1, 1.4)	0.4 (0.1, 2.6)	0.3 (0.1, 1.5)	0.2 (0.0, 0.8)	0.1 (0.0, 0.5)	n/a
41–50y	0.7 (0.1, 5.3)	0.7 (0.1, 3.4)	0.4 (0.1, 3.1)	0.8 (0.2, 3.5)	0.3 (0.1, 1.2)	0.4 (0.1, 2.9)	n/a	0.7 (0.2, 2.5)	n/a
51–60y	n/a	1.4 (0.6, 3.2)	1.5 (0.6, 3.4)	1.6 (0.5, 4.7)	1.7 (0.7, 4.0)	2.4 (1.2, 4.7)	0.2 (0.0, 1.3)	0.5 (0.1, 3.5)	n/a
61–70y	1.0 (0.3, 4.1)	n/a	0.5 (0.1, 2.8)	2.9 (1.6, 5.2)	1.9 (0.9, 3.9)	2.3 (1.1, 4.9)	0.8 (0.1, 5.3)	0.3 (0.0, 2.4)	n/a
>70y	n/a	1.1 (0.6, 2.2)	1.6 (1.2, 2.2)	1.4 (0.6, 3.4)	2.6 (1.5, 4.5)	0.5 (0.1, 1.9)	0.5 (0.1, 1.9)	0.4 (0.1, 1.5)	n/a

‘0’ corresponds to cells with no observations during survey period.

^†

P-value from linear regression by modeling survey period using quadratic term and as a continuous variable (year*year).

^‡

Individuals self-identified their race and whether they were of Hispanic ethnicity. Those who reported other race – including multi-racial – are reported in the total population but not separately.

^§

Not applicable (n/a): Oversampling and inclusion of the racial/ethnic group response “Non-Hispanic Asians” began in the 2011–12 cycle. Trend tests were not applicable (n/a) when intake was ‘0’ in any survey period.