Table 4.
Daily estimated average requirements, nutrient intakes and probability of adequacy by household member
| Pregnant women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Requirementsa | Intakesb | Probability of adequacy, % | ||||||
| Nutrient | EAR | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Median | Mean | (SD) | Median |
| Pregnant women | ||||||||
| Energy, kJ/d | – | – | 9372 | (3056) | 8983 | – | – | – |
| Energy, kcal/d | – | – | 2239 | (730) | 2146 | – | – | – |
| Protein, g/d | – | – | 68 | (24) | 65 | – | – | – |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 40 | (4.0) | 133 | (144) | 96 | 91 | (24) | 100 |
| Vitamin A, RE | 370 | (74) | 486 | (449) | 359 | 17 | (25) | 7 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 1.2 | (0.1) | 1.5 | (0.7) | 1.5 | 65 | (39) | 86 |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 1.2 | (0.1) | 1.1 | (0.6) | 1.0 | 20 | (34) | 0 |
| Niacin, mg/d | 14 | (2.1) | 16 | (7.1) | 15 | 54 | (36) | 53 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.6 | (0.2) | 2.2 | (0.8) | 2.1 | 79 | (33) | 99 |
| Folate, µg/d | 520 | (52) | 639 | (624) | 325 | 24 | (40) | 0 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/d | 2.2 | (0.2) | 0.8 | (0.9) | 0.4 | 0 | (0.0) | 0 |
| Iron, mg/dc | 22 | (2.1) | 25 | (25) | 17 | 20 | (36) | 0 |
| Zinc, mg/dd | 12 | (1.5) | 11 | (4.0) | 11 | 29 | (33) | 10 |
| Calcium, mg/de | 800 | (100) | 654 | (462) | 505 | 14 | (31) | 0 |
| Mean PA | – | – | – | – | – | 37 | (20) | 36 |
| Mothers-in-law | ||||||||
| Energy, kJ/d | – | – | 9326 | (3324) | 9163 | – | – | – |
| Energy, kcal/d | – | – | 2228 | (794) | 2189 | – | – | – |
| Protein, g/d | – | – | 67 | (28) | 65 | – | – | – |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 30 | (3.0) | 138 | (136) | 98 | 96 | (17) | 100 |
| Vitamin A, RE | 270 | (54) | 511 | (646) | 333 | 40 | (38) | 29 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 0.9 | (0.1) | 1.5 | (0.7) | 1.4 | 88 | (28) | 100 |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 0.9 | (0.1) | 1.0 | (0.6) | 0.9 | 39 | (41) | 17 |
| Niacin, mg/d | 11 | (1.7) | 16 | (7.2) | 16 | 79 | (32) | 99 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.1 | (0.1) | 2.2 | (0.8) | 2.1 | 100 | (0) | 100 |
| Folate, µg/d | 320 | (32) | 350 | (165) | 325 | 34 | (38) | 14 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/d | 2 | (0.2) | 0.6 | (2.1) | 0.3 | 0 | (0) | 0 |
| Iron, mg/dc | – | – | 15 | (7) | 14 | 2.7 | (7.6) | 0 |
| Zinc, mg/dd | 7 | (0.9) | 11 | (5) | 11 | 87 | (28) | 100 |
| Calcium, mg/de | 800 | (100) | 511 | (277) | 434 | 6.2 | (20) | 0 |
| Mean PA | – | – | – | – | – | 52 | (16) | 51 |
| Male household heads | ||||||||
| Energy, kJ/d | – | – | 11,892 | (3692) | 12,085 | – | – | – |
| Energy, kcal/d | – | – | 2841 | (882) | 2887 | – | – | – |
| Protein, g/d | – | – | 87 | (29) | 84 | – | – | – |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 40 | (4.0) | 128 | (105) | 91 | 90 | (27) | 100 |
| Vitamin A, RE | 300 | (60) | 502 | (402) | 355 | 45 | (38) | 36 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 1 | (0.1) | 2.0 | (1.0) | 1.9 | 95 | (19) | 100 |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 1 | (0.1) | 1.3 | (0.7) | 1.2 | 65 | (40) | 88 |
| Niacin, mg/d | 12 | (1.8) | 22 | (9.8) | 21 | 95 | (17) | 100 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.1 | (0.1) | 2.8 | (1.0) | 2.7 | 99 | (9) | 100 |
| Folate, µg/d | 320 | (32) | 402 | (158) | 385 | 60 | (41) | 77 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/d | 2 | (0.2) | 0.9 | (1.2) | 0.6 | 2.7 | (15) | 0.0 |
| Iron, mg/dc | – | – | 19 | (6.7) | 19 | 25 | (24) | 20 |
| Zinc, mg/dd | 15 | (1.9) | 14 | (4.7) | 14 | 29 | (31) | 16 |
| Calcium, mg/de | 800 | (100) | 686 | (407) | 597 | 16 | (32) | 0.1 |
| Mean PA | – | – | – | – | – | 57 | (17) | 60 |
a EARs using WHO/FAO values (33), unless otherwise stated
b Intakes reported as mean intakes, averaged across the three dietary recalls
c Institute of Medicine values for iron (35). We assumed low bioavailability of iron (5%), except for iron in pregnant women who have higher absorption (23%) during pregnancy. Iron probabilities of adequacy for mothers-in-law and men were calculated using a table of probabilities for different intervals of usual intakes, adapted from IOM but assuming 5% bioavailability
d Based on International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) recommendations (36). We assumed a low bioavailability of zinc (25% absorption for women; 18% for men)
e Institute of Medicine values for calcium (34).