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Constant high glucose, intermittent high glucose, and LPS individually increased phosphorylation of JNK in THP-1 cells. NG, normal glucose (5 mM); M25, mannitol (25 mM); M5/25, intermittent mannitol (5–25 mM); HG, constant high glucose (25 mM); N/HG, intermittent glucose (5–25 mM). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 versus ctrl, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 (n = 4 for each group).
