Table 5. . Updates in neoadjuvant therapy for pancreaticobiliary cancer.

Study	Trial	Cancer type	Eligibility	Phase	Number of patients (n)	Timing	Intervention	Outcome	Ref.
Primrose et al.	BILCAP	Cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder cancer	Macroscopically complete resection (R0 and R1)	III	447	Adjuvant	Capecitabine vs observation	Median OS 51.1 vs 36.5 mo (p = 0.097)	[62]
Edeline et al.	UNICANCER	Biliary tract	Complete resection (R0 and R1)	III	196	Adjuvant	GEMOX vs observation	Median RFS 30.4 vs 22.0 mo (p = 0.31)	[66]
Neoptolemos et al.	ESPAC-4	Pancreatic	Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (R0 or R1)	III	730	Adjuvant	GEMCAP vs GEM	Median OS 28.0 vs 25.5 mo (p = 0.032)	[75]

mo: Month; OS: Overall survival; RFS: Relapse-free survival.