Human αSyn overexpression in the SN triggers astrogliosis and microgliosis at 12 weeks post-AAV injection. (a) Midbrain coronal sections immunostained for GFAP from mice injected with venus or V1SSV2 injection. (b) Quantification of GFAP staining IOD. Venus, n = 6; V1SSV2, n = 7. (c) Midbrain coronal sections immunostained for iba1 from mice injected with venus or V1SSV2 injection. (d) Morphological classification of iba1-positive cells in the SNpc. Type A, resting, Type B, activated, Type C, phagocytic. n = 4 per group. Scale bars: 50 μm (left), 10 μm (right). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. # indicates phagocytic microglia identified in V1SSV2 group only.