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. 2018 Apr 26;78(4):382–399. doi: 10.1055/a-0582-0122

Table 4  The 4 Ts: causes of PPH 6 ,  16 ,  30 ,  31 ,  32 .

Tone (uterine atony) Uterine distension (multiparity, polyhydramnios, fetal macrosomia)
Tocolytics
Precipitate labour or prolonged labour
(Prolonged) oxytocin augmentation
Chorioamnionitis
Uterine fibroids
Tissue (placenta) Retained placenta
Abnormally invasive placenta (morbidly adherent placenta, placenta accreta/ increta/percreta)
Placental remnants
Trauma Vulvovaginal injury
Cervical tear
Episiotomy/perineal tear
Uterine rupture
Uterine inversion
Thrombin (coagulopathy) Pregnancy-induced:
Thrombocytopenia (HELLP syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]) (e.g. in pre-eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death [IUFD], placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism)
Other:
von Willebrand disease, plasmatic coagulopathies, thrombopathy, coagulation factor deficiencies (loss, consumption, dilution)