Table 5  Risk factors for PPH 16 ,  23 ,  37 ,  38 ,  39 .

	Odds ratio or range
Blood loss	> 500 ml	> 1000 ml
Sociodemographic risk factors
obesity (BMI > 35)	1.6
maternal age (≥ 30 years)	1.3 – 1.4	1.5
Obstetric risk factors
placenta praevia	4 – 13.1	15.9
premature placental separation	2.9 – 12.6	2.6
retained placenta	4.1 – 7.8	11.7 – 16.0
prolonged expulsion of the placenta	7.6
pre-eclampsia	5.0
grand multiparity	2.3 – 4.5	2.6
s/p PPH	3.0 – 3.6
fetal macrosomia	1.9 – 2.4
HELLP syndrome	1.9
Polyhydramnios	1.9
(prolonged) oxytocin augmentation	1.8
labour induction	1.3 – 2	2.1 – 2.4
protracted labour	1.1 – 2
Surgical risk factors
emergency Caesarean section	3.6
elective Caesarean section	2.5
operative vaginal delivery	1.8 – 1.9
episiotomy	1.7 – 2.21	2.07
perineal tear	1.7	2.5
Other risk factors
antepartum haemorrhage	3.8
von Willebrand disease	3.3
anaemia (< 9 g/dl)	2.2
fever during delivery	2