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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: Subst Abus. 2017 Sep 6;39(1):59–68. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2017.1356789

Table 3.

Longitudinal predictors of emergency department utilization.

Variable Emergency department utilization
B 95% CI SE P
Unconditional Growth Model
Time −0.01 (0.978, 0.987) 0.01 <.001
Conditional Growth Model—Alcohol
Race/ethnicitya
 Hispanic −0.01 (0.981, 1.006) 0.01 .325
 Asian 0.01 (1.004, 1.019) 0.01 .002
 Black −0.02 (0.962, 0.984) 0.01 <.001
 Other 0.02 (1.019, 1.038) 0.01 <.001
 Ageb
 30–39 −0.01 (0.985, 1.011) 0.01 .752
 40–49 −0.01 (0.981, 1.005) 0.01 .269
 50+ −0.01 (0.982, 1.006) 0.01 .340
Female 0.02 (1.013, 1.045) 0.01 <.001
Medical comorbidityc 0.05 (1.053, 1.068) 0.01 <.001
Alcohold 0.24 (1.247, 1.311) 0.01 <.001
Time × Alcohold −0.03 (0.951, 0.971) 0.01 <.001
Moderated Growth Modele—Alcohol
Race/ethnicitya
 Time × Hispanic × Alcohol −0.01 (0.977, 1.010) 0.01 .641
 Time × Asian × Alcohol −0.01 (0.980, 0.999) 0.01 .967
 Time × Black × Alcohol −0.01 (0.971, 0.999) 0.01 <.001
 Time × Other × Alcohol 0.05 (1.014, 1.043) 0.01 <.001
Ageb
 Time × 30–39 × Alcohol 0.01 (1.005, 1.034) 0.01 .319
 Time × 40–49 × Alcohol 0.01 (0.993, 1.021) 0.01 .412
 Time × 50+ × Alcohol 0.01 (1.004, 1.035) 0.01 .406
Female
 Time × Female × Alcohol 0.06 (1.050, 1.093) 0.01 .380
Medical comorbidityc
 Time × Medical × Alcohol 0.01 (0.998, 1.017) 0.01 <.001
Conditional Growth Model—Marijuana
Race/ethnicitya
 Hispanic −0.08 (0.863, 0.987) 0.03 .019
 Asian 0.07 (1.034, 1.119) 0.01 <.001
 Black −0.14 (0.817, 0.909) 0.02 <.001
 Other 0.18 (1.133, 1.274) 0.02 <.001
Ageb
 30–39 0.01 (0.958, 1.068) 0.02 .676
 40–49 −0.07 (0.883, 0.977) 0.02 .004
 50+ −0.08 (0.882, 0.965) 0.02 <.001
Female 0.07 (0.992, 1.167) 0.04 .078
Medical comorbidityc 0.29 (1.290, 1.405) 0.02 <.001
Marijuanad 1.41 (3.569, 4.702) 0.07 <.001
Time × Marijuanad −0.23 (0.747, 0.837) 0.02 <.001
Moderated Growth Modele—Marijuana
Race/ethnicitya
 Time × Hispanic × Marijuana 0.01 (0.980, 1.027) 0.01 .792
 Time × Asian × Marijuana −0.01 (1.044, 1.114) 0.01 .378
 Time × Black × Marijuana −0.01 (0.970, 1.012) 0.01 .671
 Time × Other × Marijuana −0.01 (0.961, 1.081) 0.01 .375
Ageb
 Time × 30–39 × Marijuana −0.01 (0.967, 1.022) 0.02 .655
 Time × 40–49 × Marijuana 0.01 (0.990, 1.041) 0.01 .251
 Time × 50+ × Marijuana −0.01 (0.975, 1.020) 0.01 .819
Female
 Time × Female × Marijuana 0.03 (0.993, 1.156) 0.01 .082
Medical comorbidityc
 Time × Medical × Marijuana 0.03 (0.998, 1.066) 0.01 .069
Conditional Growth Model—Opioid
Race/ethnicitya
 Hispanic −0.08 (0.851, 0.986) 0.03 .019
 Asian 0.14 (1.107, 1.211) 0.02 <.001
 Black −0.21 (0.760, 0.858) 0.03 <.001
 Other 0.20 (1.147, 1.306) 0.30 <.001
Ageb
 30–39 0.05 (0.996, 1.116) 0.02 <.001
 40–49 −0.10 (0.852, 0.949) 0.02 .069
 50+ −0.08 (0.875, 0.971) 0.02 <.001
Female 1.82 (1.221, 1.426) 0.07 <.001
Medical comorbidityc 0.30 (1.309, 1.415) 0.01 <.001
Opioidd 1.82 (5.387, 7.134) 0.07 <.001
Time × Opioidd −0.12 (0.830, 0.930) 0.02 <.001
Moderated Growth Modele—Opioid
Race/ethnicitya
 Time × Hispanic × Opioid −0.01 (0.861, 1.018) 0.01 .281
 Time × Asian × Opioid 0.01 (1.055, 1.160) 0.01 .591
 Time × Black × Opioid −0.01 (0.709, 0.819) 0.01 .551
 Time × Other × Opioid 0.01 (1.055, 1.160) 0.01 .371
Ageb
 Time × 30–39 × Opioid −0.01 (0.890, 1.118) 0.01 .670
 Time × 40–49 × Opioid −0.01 (0.891, 1.100) 0.01 .891
 Time × 50+ × Opioid −0.01 (1.045, 1.273) 0.01 .092
Female
 Time × Female × Opioid −0.01 (0.900, 1.177) 0.01 .670
Medical comorbidityc
 Time × Medical × Opioid 0.02 (0.977, 1.179) 0.01 .045

Note. Alcohol = patients with alcohol use disorder; Marijuana = patients with marijuana use disorder; Opioid = patients with opioid use disorder.

a

Reference = white.

b

Reference = ages 18–29.

c

Charlson Comorbidity Index; higher scores indicate greater medical disease burden.

d

Reference = controls.

e

Only a priori moderated effects of interested are presented to reduce visual clutter.