Table 1.

Representative food-derived carotenoids and their structures.

Carotenoid	Structure	Food source	Reference
α-Carotene		Banana, butternut, carrot, pumpkin	[11, 153–156]
β-Carotene		Apricots, banana, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrot, dairy products, honeydew, kale, mango, nectarine, peach, pumpkin, spinach, sweet potato, tomato	[1, 11, 13, 153, 154]
Crocetin		Gardenia fruit, saffron stigma	[157, 158]
Crocin		Gardenia fruit, saffron stigma	[159, 160]
β-Cryptoxanthin		Apple, broccoli, celery, chili, crustaceans, grape, green beans, papaya, pea, peach, peppers, salmonid fish, squashes, tangerine	[11, 12, 14, 153, 161]
Lutein		Apple, basil, broccoli, celery, crustaceans, cucumber, dairy products, grapes, green pepper, kale, kiwi, maize, parsley, pea, pumpkin, salmonid fish, spinach, squash	[1, 11, 12, 162, 163]
Lycopene		Grapefruit, guava, tomato, watermelon	[1, 11, 153, 164, 165]
Zeaxanthin		Basil, crustaceans, cucumber, dairy products, honeydew, kale, maize, mango, orange, parsley, salmonid fish, spinach	[1, 11, 12, 162]
Marine
Astaxanthin		Crustaceans, algae, salmonid fish	[12, 14, 15, 36]
Fucoxanthin		Brown seaweeds	[16, 17, 166]