Table 3.

Major technological advances that have accelerated the adoption of Systems Biology and Systems Medicine.

Technology	Methods/techniques	Examples
DNA Microarrays	Transcriptomics, exome capture, epigenetics, small RNA expression, genotyping, metagenomics. Transcriptomics now replaced by “RNA-sequencing” and genotyping increasingly replaced by WGS (see below)	²⁶
Sequencing (Next-Generation, nanopore, or long-read sequencers; Single-molecule sequencing)	Whole genome sequencing (WGS), exome analysis, epigenetics, whole transcriptome analysis (RNA-sequencing), small RNA sequencing, GWAS, metagenomics	^{15, 27–31}
Mass spectrometry	Proteomics, metabolomics, mass spectrometry imaging, lipidomics, glycomics, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modification analysis	^32–39
Microfluidics	Single cell assays including gene expression, whole genome sequencing, protein analysis and epigenome analysis	^{13, 40–44}
Flow and Mass Cytometry	Single cell protein analysis	^45–48
Genome editing technology	Genome-wide gene deletion assays, screening assays	^31,49,50
iPSC technology	In vitro models for diseases, drug screening	^51–56