Various inflammation-inducing stimuli including TNFα, LPS, thrombin and oscillatory shear stress influence ROS production through sources including NOX and the mitochondria. Elevated ROS production as a result of inflammatory signaling can mediate canonical NF-κB activation and downstream inflammatory gene induction, proteasome activity, antioxidant gene transcription, inflammasome activation and cytokine secretion. Full names for abbreviations are listed in the accompanying table.