Figure 7. Impact of TML- versus choline-supplemented diet on plasma levels of TML and TMAO, and in vivo thrombosis potential.

Groups of mice (N = 15) were placed on chemically defined diets supplemented with either 1% trimethyllysine (TML) (A and B) or 1% choline (C) for 11 days as described under Methods. At the indicated times, plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (A and C) or TML (B) were quantified by stable-isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS. (D) In addition, after 11 days of the indicated diet (N = 10), the impact of supplemental dietary TML versus choline on both TMAO levels and in vivo thrombosis potential, as monitored using the FeCl₃ carotid artery injury model, was determined as described under Methods. Plasma levels of metabolites after 11 days of the indicated diets were as follows: for 1% TML group, TMAO =4.5 ± 0.7 μM, TML = 37.0 ± 4.9 μM. For 1% choline group, TMAO = 90.6 ± 19.5 μM, TML = 0.8 ± 0.1 μM. For chemically defined chow group, TMAO= 2.6 ± 0.4 μM; TML = 0.9 ± 0.2 μM. Student’s t test (2 tailed) was used to examine the difference between groups. All data are presented as mean ± standard error.