Table 2.
Awareness of Diagnosis, Self-reported Memory Problems, Quality of Life, Mental Wellbeing, and Physical Functioning by Diagnostic Group (N = 259)
| Characteristics | Normal controla (n = 99) | Mild cognitive impairmenta (n = 92) | Alzheimer’s diseasea (n = 68) | p valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis beliefs | Reports having MCI, n (%) | N/A | 58 (63.0) | 31 (46.3) | .035 |
| Reports having AD, n (%) | N/A | 9 (9.8) | 23 (33.8) | <.001 | |
| Reports either MCI or AD, n (%) | N/A | 62 (67.4) | 39 (57.4) | .19 | |
| Self-reported memory problems | CDS, mean (SD) | 33.0 (16.5)y | 42.3 (20.7)x,z | 35.4 (19.1)y | .007 |
| Has any problems w/ thinking or memory, n (%) | N/A | 89 (96.7) | 64 (94.4) | .42 | |
| More memory problems than most others, n (%)c | 6 (6.0) | 41 (44.6) | 24 (35.8) | .06d | |
| Expects memory to worsen, n (%) | N/A | 67 (72.8) | 40 (58.8) | .06 | |
| Quality of life (QOL) | EQ-5D, mean (SD) | 0.81 (0.18) | 0.79 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.22) | .24 |
| EQ-VAS, mean (SD) | 81.8 (14.4) | 81.1 (16.2) | 83.8 (17.4) | .22 | |
| QOL-AD, mean (SD) | 42.2 (4.5)y,z | 40.3 (5.4)x | 40.6 (6.1)x | .03 | |
| DEM-QOL, mean (SD) | 98.9 (7.2)y,z | 91.8 (10.5)x | 93.7 (10.6)x | <.001 | |
| Health and wellbeing, mean (SD) | 47.3 (4.4)y,z | 43.7 (6.0)x | 44.4 (6.7)x | <.001 | |
| Cognitive function, mean (SD) | 25.6 (2.3)y,z | 23.4 (3.4)x | 23.6 (3.5)x | <.001 | |
| Social relationships, mean (SD) | 18.6 (1.7)y | 17.6 (2.4)x,z | 18.2 (2.4)y | .02 | |
| Daily activities, mean (SD) | 7.4 (1.0) | 7.1 (1.2) | 7.5 (0.8) | .18 | |
| Mood and wellbeing | GDS, mean (SD) | 3.9 (3.3)y | 7.1 (5.4)x,z | 4.9 (4.6)y | <.001 |
| BAI, mean (SD) | 5.3 (5.2) | 6.9 (5.9) | 6.5 (5.9) | .18 | |
| PSS, mean (SD) | 9.8 (4.8)y | 12.6 (6.7)x | 11.3 (6.3) | .01 | |
| SF-12 MCS, mean (SD) | 55.7 (6.0)y,z | 51.6 (7.6)x,z | 53.5 (6.6)y | <.001 | |
| Physical functioning | IADLs, mean (SD) | 8.9 (1.7)y,z | 9.9 (2.6)x,z | 12.3 (4.7)x,y | <.001 |
| BADLs, mean (SD) | 6.4 (0.9) | 6.6 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.9) | .49 | |
| SF-12 PCS, mean (SD) | 46.1 (10.0)z | 47.6 (10.9) | 49.7 (9.0)x | .045 |
Note: AD = Alzheimer’s disease; BADLs = Basic Activities of Daily Living Scale; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; CDS = Cognitive Difficulties Scale; EQ = Euro-QOL; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; IADLs = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCS = Mental Composite Scale; N/A = Nonapplicable; PCS = Physical Composite Scale; PPS = Perceived Stress Scale; QOL = Quality of Life; SF-12 = Short Form Health Survey; VAS = Visual Analog Scale.
aStatistical significance (p < .05) determined by Dunn test and shown by: “x” = different from NC group, “y” = different from MCI group, “z” = different from AD group.
bKruskall–Wallis test with correction for ties for the other variables. cSingle item from Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). dp value from comparison of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease groups.