Table 5.
Population-Averaged Logit Models on the Likelihood of Receiving Formal Support, by Country
| Germany | Italy | France | Denmark | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Age | 0.107*** (7.403) | 0.094*** (6.301) | 0.045*** (3.286) | 0.043*** (3.172) | 0.069*** (8.215) | 0.062*** (7.286) | 0.118*** (9.320) | 0.117*** (9.191) |
| Female (ref. male) | 0.296 (1.253) | 0.216 (0.901) | 0.227 (1.205) | 0.206 (1.088) | −0.034 (−0.300) | −0.074 (−0.639) | 0.033 (0.176) | 0.031 (0.161) |
| Number of limitations with ADL | 0.369*** (4.103) | 0.361*** (3.805) | 0.126 (1.577) | 0.097 (1.202) | 0.155** (2.276) | 0.107 (1.542) | 0.344*** (3.098) | 0.339*** (2.967) |
| Number of limitations with IADL | 0.297*** (3.937) | 0.284*** (3.637) | 0.324*** (4.970) | 0.256*** (3.805) | 0.392*** (7.925) | 0.326*** (6.503) | 0.630*** (8.060) | 0.605*** (7.639) |
| Education (ref. low) | ||||||||
| Intermediate | 0.176 (0.765) | 0.178 (0.759) | 0.649** (2.459) | 0.693*** (2.615) | 0.113 (0.814) | 0.154 (1.093) | −0.359* (−1.842) | −0.347* (−1.774) |
| High | −0.228 (−0.673) | −0.308 (−0.879) | 0.213 (0.456) | 0.219 (0.476) | −0.349* (−1.797) | −0.257 (−1.316) | −0.581** (−2.398) | −0.592** (−2.417) |
| Income quintile (ref. I) | ||||||||
| II | 0.403 (1.522) | 0.427 (1.561) | 0.527* (1.795) | 0.466 (1.565) | −0.192 (−1.360) | −0.137 (−0.957) | 0.021 (0.114) | 0.057 (0.304) |
| III | 0.500* (1.674) | 0.503 (1.629) | 0.672** (2.265) | 0.632** (2.109) | 0.045 (0.297) | 0.090 (0.585) | 0.326 (1.254) | 0.338 (1.285) |
| IV | 0.785** (2.323) | 0.683* (1.941) | 0.602* (1.945) | 0.645** (2.058) | −0.241 (−1.424) | −0.203 (−1.180) | 0.214 (0.551) | 0.275 (0.704) |
| V | 1.223*** (3.706) | 1.176*** (3.482) | 0.845*** (2.607) | 0.904*** (2.776) | −0.286 (−1.567) | −0.253 (−1.363) | −0.134 (−0.312) | −0.060 (−0.139) |
| Financial wealth quintile (ref. I) | ||||||||
| II | −0.177 (−0.654) | −0.079 (−0.284) | 0.023 (0.067) | 0.062 (0.180) | 0.103 (0.628) | 0.089 (0.538) | −0.204 (−0.998) | −0.206 (−0.999) |
| III | −0.001 (−0.004) | 0.045 (0.155) | 0.016 (0.063) | 0.032 (0.124) | −0.002 (−0.012) | 0.039 (0.223) | −0.333 (−1.432) | −0.307 (−1.308) |
| IV | −0.016 (−0.053) | 0.133 (0.428) | 0.022 (0.084) | 0.028 (0.108) | −0.014 (−0.079) | 0.025 (0.140) | −0.425 (−1.570) | −0.372 (−1.362) |
| V | −0.689* (−1.851) | −0.587 (−1.515) | 0.167 (0.649) | 0.165 (0.633) | 0.135 (0.741) | 0.182 (0.986) | −0.590** (−1.980) | −0.524* (−1.751) |
| Home owner | −0.403** (−2.003) | −0.480** (−2.319) | −0.230 (−0.901) | −0.312 (−1.210) | −0.084 (−0.672) | −0.130 (−1.025) | −0.595*** (−3.408) | −0.618*** (−3.489) |
| No coresiding partner (ref. yes) | 1.609*** (7.110) | 1.426*** (5.899) | 0.276 (1.298) | 0.212 (0.969) | 0.354*** (2.961) | 0.304** (2.432) | 1.310*** (6.830) | 1.331*** (6.677) |
| Parenthood status (ref. has at least one coresiding child) | ||||||||
| Childless | 1.232*** (3.659) | 1.303*** (3.803) | 0.951*** (3.557) | 0.936*** (3.489) | 0.485** (2.265) | 0.533** (2.441) | 1.380*** (2.648) | 1.311** (2.478) |
| Has children, all living outside the household | 0.982*** (3.454) | 0.932*** (3.152) | 0.538*** (2.689) | 0.483** (2.396) | 0.365** (2.038) | 0.423** (2.311) | 0.850* (1.779) | 0.835* (1.716) |
| Receives informal support with personal care from outside the household | 1.874*** (5.758) | 1.100*** (3.925) | 0.690** (2.103) | 2.721*** (3.286) | ||||
| Receives informal support with household chores or paperwork from outside the household | 0.724*** (3.447) | 0.623*** (2.899) | 0.750*** (6.301) | 0.288* (1.704) | ||||
| Receives informal support with personal care from within the household | −0.175 (−0.470) | 0.512** (2.079) | 0.633*** (2.791) | 0.074 (0.166) | ||||
| Constant | −13.190*** (−10.800) | −12.470*** (−9.940) | −7.574*** (−7.210) | −7.543*** (−7.143) | −6.910*** (−10.550) | −6.610*** (−9.983) | −11.690*** (−10.360) | −11.770*** (−10.310) |
| Observations | 2,622 | 2,622 | 2,715 | 2,715 | 2,678 | 2,678 | 1,809 | 1,809 |
| Number of num_id | 1,952 | 1,952 | 1,936 | 1,936 | 1,815 | 1,815 | 1,316 | 1,316 |
| Wald χ2 (18)/(21) | 312.64 | 319.05 | 195.17 | 210.88 | 342.18 | 382.17 | 346.46 | 343.27 |
| Prob. > χ2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living. Z statistics in parentheses.
***p < .01. **p < .05. *p < .1.