Abstract
Background
COPD is associated with a large disease burden. The use of dual (two maintenance treatments) and triple (combination of any three treatments) therapy has shown efficacy for symptom relief; however, some patients with COPD remain symptomatic despite these therapies. This study assessed the scope and magnitude of the symptomatic burden for patients with COPD receiving dual or triple therapy.
Patients and methods
Cross-sectional data from three Adelphi COPD surveys (2013–2016) conducted in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China were analyzed for patients with COPD and forced expiratory volume in 1 second ≤65% receiving dual or triple therapy for ≥3 months. Physicians completed clinical and disease characteristic forms for identified patients. Corresponding patients completed questionnaires that included validated survey instruments to assess adherence and symptom impact. Descriptive statistics are reported.
Results
Our analysis included 690 patients (mean age 68.2 years; 73.3% male); 41.4% and 58.6% were receiving dual and triple therapy, respectively. Most patients had dyspnea with substantial disability (modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale rating ≥2, 56.3%; large health status impairment from symptoms, COPD Assessment Test score >20, 64.4%). A large symptom burden was observed, even for patients highly adherent to treatment (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8, 30.3% [185/612]), of whom 62.1% still had a COPD Assessment Test score >20. Sensitivity analyses of patients regardless of their forced expiratory volume in 1 second status and of those receiving treatment for >6 months both reported similar results.
Conclusion
Although patients who consult their physicians more frequently than average may be overrepresented because of the observational design of this study, we report that unmet needs remain for patients with COPD, despite the use of dual or triple therapy. A percentage of patients with COPD reported major symptom burden affecting their daily living and causing a large impairment in the health status, regardless of treatment adherence.
Keywords: COPD, burden of illness, triple therapy, dual therapy
Introduction
COPD is associated with a large disease burden. An estimated 328 million people worldwide have COPD,1 and the day-to-day impact of the disease can be debilitating for these patients. COPD is associated with significant health care costs of $18 billion annually in the USA, and globally it accounts for 29.4 million years lost because of disability.1
The current Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines grade the severity of COPD based on spirometry assessment to assess the severity of airflow limitation and use criteria based on symptoms and exacerbations in the previous year to estimate the risk of future exacerbations.2 GOLD recommends assessment of symptoms, including cough and/or sputum production, by using validated patient questionnaires, such as the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) or the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale.2 This symptom assessment and history of exacerbations (which are indicative of symptom worsening) are important factors for predicting deterioration in lung function and likelihood of future exacerbations.
Either a short- or long-acting bronchodilator is the initial treatment option for relief of breathlessness for patients with COPD, with a long-acting bronchodilator recommended for patients with more persistent symptoms.2 Dual therapy (any combination of two maintenance treatments, including inhaled corticosteroids [ICS], long-acting β2-agonists [LABA], or long-acting muscarinic antagonists [LAMA]) is recommended for patients with persistent breathlessness on monotherapy, and triple therapy (any combination of ICS, LABA, and LAMA) is recommended for patients who develop further exacerbations while on dual therapy.2 Both dual and triple therapy treatment regimens have been shown to improve the symptoms of patients with COPD.2,3 However, some patients receiving dual or triple therapy report still suffering from a considerable symptom burden that adversely affects their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and leads to increased morbidity.4 For these patients, currently available medications may not be sufficient to provide relief from symptoms or to stabilize disease.
The aim of this study was to further assess the symptom burden of patients with COPD who were receiving dual or triple therapy. We sought to provide evidence of burden of disease in a real-world clinical setting to further characterize the current symptom burden and unmet treatment need for patients with COPD from Europe, Japan, China, and the USA.
Patients and methods
For these analyses, we used data from the Adelphi Real World Respiratory Disease Specific Programme (DSP).5 DSP is a real-world, point-in-time, patient record–based survey. The DSP provides impartial observations of real-world clinical practice from a physician and matched-patient viewpoint, and is an established method for investigating multicenter patient characteristics and treatment practices for common chronic diseases. DSPs in respiratory disease were conducted in Quarter 4 (Q4) 2013, Q4 2014/Quarter 1 (Q1) 2015, and Q4 2015/Q1 2016. The Respiratory DSPs collected information from patients diagnosed with COPD who were consulting their health care professionals for routine care.
The primary objective of this study was to assess the symptom burden of patients with COPD who were receiving dual or triple therapy and had a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <65%. Exploratory objectives included assessments for patients with low, moderate, or high treatment adherence and those with differing levels of lung function and length of dual or triple treatment.
All patients included in the Respiratory DSP provided written informed consent to participate. Because this study was a retrospective analysis of secondary data, we had no access to any medical or other patient records or to data sources containing patient or participating physician information. All patient management and treatment choices were at the discretion of the physician, and no tests or measurements were performed as part of the survey.
Ethical approval
The DSP was conducted as a survey that adhered to market research guidelines and the international code of conduct for observational research from the International Chamber of Commerce/European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research.6 Therefore, ethical approval was not necessary to obtain and was not sought. Patients provided informed consent to participate in the survey via a tick box on the front of the patient self-completion questionnaire. All data were anonymized and aggregated prior to receipt by Adelphi Real World.
DSP survey population
Primary care physicians and pulmonologists were qualified to participate in the Respiratory DSP if they were responsible for treatment of patients with COPD, qualified as a medical doctor 5–35 years ago, and saw ≥3 patients with COPD per month.
Study population
A pooled data set from the three surveys was created to analyze cross-sectional data related to patient characteristics of a large, robust study population. Patients from Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK), Japan, China, and the USA were included. The following inclusion criteria were used to select patients for the primary study population: physician-confirmed diagnosis of COPD; physician-recorded post-bronchodilator FEV1 ≤65% predicted (this requirement was removed in sensitivity analysis); and currently prescribed dual therapy (any combination of two maintenance treatments, including ICS, LABA, or LAMA) or triple therapy (any combination of ICS, LABA, and LAMA) for ≥3 months. Patients declining to complete a patient self-completion questionnaire were excluded from the analysis to limit the amount of missing information for the study population.
Study variables and analysis
Participating physicians completed patient record forms for five consecutive consultations with patients with COPD. Physicians recorded demographics; clinical characteristics, such as exacerbation history; and treatment information. Patients completed disease-related questionnaires, including a patient self-completion questionnaire (detailing the nature of symptoms and the impact on daily activities), and the following validated questionnaires: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8),7–9 CAT,10 mMRC dyspnea scale,11 and Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (JSEQ).12 The MMAS-8 consists of eight items that provide a score from 0 to 8; patient adherence to treatment is classified as low (<6), moderate (6–7), or high (8).7 The CAT patient-reported outcome is an established tool for monitoring COPD. It consists of eight items, each with a 6-point differential scale that produces a score from 0 to 40. A higher score indicates a more severe impact of COPD on the patient’s life.10 The mMRC dyspnea scale consists of five statements about the impact of breathlessness and results in a grade from 0 to 4, where grade 0 equates to the patient experiencing breathlessness only during strenuous exercise and grade 4 equates to the patient being too breathless to leave the house/breathless when dressing.11 An mMRC ≥2 is associated with a moderate to severe level of dyspnea. The JSEQ consists of four statements regarding sleep disturbance, which patients score by the frequency of experience; total scores range from 0 (no sleep disturbance) to 20 (22–28 days of disturbed sleep for all four statements).12
Each variable was described using the maximum available sample size; therefore, sample sizes varied from one variable to another, depending on the quantity of missing data. All analyses were conducted by the Adelphi Real World statistical department using Stata 14.2 or later.13 All code and result files were saved and are replicable. Descriptive statistics (univariate and bivariate) were used to examine symptom burden across a range of symptom-related characteristics.
Sensitivity analysis
In addition to the overall population, patient characteristics and symptom burden were also assessed for patients categorized by GOLD ABCD group (defined by exacerbation risk and CAT score)2 to provide characterization based on symptoms and exacerbation risk, together with categorization based on treatment adherence (determined by the MMAS-8 score). Patients with COPD on dual or triple therapy regardless of FEV1 status and those with FEV1 ≤65% receiving dual or triple therapy for a minimum of 6 months were also assessed.
Results
Study population
During the observation period (2013–2016), 7,094 patients were diagnosed with COPD and completed a patient self-completion questionnaire. Of these patients, 690 met the inclusion criteria for the primary study population. The main reason for exclusion was missing lung function data/FEV1 >65% (n=4,121); other patients were excluded because they had not been on dual or triple therapy for >3 months or they had missing duration data. Corresponding information relating to these patients was provided by 436 physicians. Removal of the inclusion criteria for FEV1 resulted in a population of 2,954 patients.
The mean age of the primary study population was 68.2 years; 73.3% were male, and 26.4% were current smokers (Table 1). Most patients had one or more comorbidity (74.8%). Cardiovascular conditions were the most common concomitant condition; 64.6% of patients had concomitant hypertension (Table 1). Most patients were under a pulmonologist’s care (77.1%; Table 1).
Table 1.
Patient demographics and baseline clinical characteristics
| Primary study population (n=690) | Study population, no FEV1 criteria (n=2,954) | Study population, dual/triple therapy ≥6 months (n=606) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 68.2 (8.9) | 67.1 (9.5) | 68.3 (8.8) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 506 (73.3) | 2,034 (68.9) | 169 (27.9) |
| Race, n (%) | n=688 | n=2,943 | n=604 |
| White | 602 (87.5) | 2,440 (82.9) | 538 (89.1) |
| African American | 16 (2.3) | 64 (2.2) | 10 (1.7) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 18 (2.6) | 72 (2.4) | 14 (2.3) |
| Others | 52 (7.6) | 367 (12.4) | 42 (7.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 group, n (%) | n=658 | n=2,838 | n=574 |
| <25 | 249 (37.8) | 1,093 (38.5) | 212 (36.9) |
| 25–<27 | 129 (19.6) | 587 (20.7) | 116 (20.2) |
| 27–<30 | 145 (22.0) | 619 (21.8) | 131 (22.8) |
| 30+ | 135 (20.5) | 539 (19.0) | 115 (20.0) |
| Mean time since diagnosis, months (SD) | n=623 | n=2,640 | n=548 |
| 77 (66.7) | 68.5 (64.2) | 77 (66.9) | |
| Current therapy grouping, n (%) | n=690 | n=2,954 | n=606 |
| Dual | 286 (41.4) | 1,564 (52.9) | 250 (41.3) |
| Triple | 404 (58.6) | 1,390 (47.1) | 356 (58.7) |
| Dual therapy combinations, n (%) | n=286 | n=1,564 | n=250 |
| LABA+LAMA | 80 (28.0) | 302 (19.3) | 74 (29.6) |
| LABA/LAMA fixed-dosage combination | 16 (5.6) | 54 (3.5) | 48 (19.2) |
| ICS+LABA | 7 (2.4) | 30 (1.9) | 7 (2.8) |
| ICS/LABA fixed-dosage combination | 119 (41.6) | 894 (57.2) | 107 (42.8) |
| ICS+LAMA | 64 (22.4) | 284 (18.2) | 14 (5.6) |
| Triple therapy combinations ICS/LABA/LAMA ± others, n (%) | n=404 | n=1,390 | n=356 |
| ICS+LABA/LAMA | 12 (3.0) | 34 (2.4) | 9 (2.5) |
| ICS/LABA+LAMA | 359 (88.9) | 1,282 (92.2) | 318 (89.3) |
| LABA+ICS+LAMA | 33 (8.2) | 74 (5.3) | 29 (8.1) |
| ICS dosage (grouped), n (%)a | n=463 | n=2,026 | n=416 |
| Low | 114 (24.6) | 554 (27.3) | 108 (26.0) |
| Medium | 191 (41.3) | 862 (42.5) | 168 (40.4) |
| High | 158 (34.1) | 610 (30.1) | 140 (33.7) |
| Physician responsible for treatment decisions, n (%) | n=689 | n=2,951 | n=605 |
| Pulmonologist only | 465 (67.5) | 1,546 (52.4) | 407 (67.3) |
| Primary care physician only | 149 (21.6) | 1,079 (36.6) | 133 (22.0) |
| Primary care physician+pulmonologist | 66 (9.6) | 298 (10.1) | 56 (9.3) |
| Other | 9 (1.3) | 28 (0.9) | 9 (1.5) |
| MMAS-8, n (%) | n=613 | n=2,616 | n=539 |
| Low, <6 | 209 (34.1) | 936 (35.8) | 180 (33.4) |
| Moderate, 6–7 | 219 (35.7) | 845 (32.3) | 193 (35.8) |
| High, 8 | 185 (30.2) | 835 (31.9) | 166 (30.8) |
| Mean post-bronchodilator FEV1, % predicted (SD) | n=690 | n=1,379 | n=606 |
| 50.27 (11.6) | 63.49 (16.4) | 49.94 (11.7) | |
| Exacerbations experienced in last 12 months, mean (SD) | n=670 | n=2,880 | n=587 |
| 1.6 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | n=666 | n=2,869 | n=584 |
| Ex-smoker | 465 (69.8) | 1,824 (63.6) | 154 (26.4) |
| Current smoker | 176 (26.4) | 780 (27.2) | 406 (69.5) |
| Has never smoked | 25 (3.8) | 265 (9.2) | 24 (4.1) |
| Cardiovascular conditions, n (%) | n=642 | n=2,714 | n=564 |
| Any | 503 (78.3) | 1,987 (73.2) | 444 (78.7) |
| Hypertension | 415 (64.6) | 1,636 (60.3) | 366 (64.9) |
| Elevated cholesterol/hyperlipidemia | 214 (33.3) | 833 (30.7) | 184 (32.6) |
| Concomitant conditions ≥5% of patients, n (%) | n=620 | n=2,666 | n=546 |
| Diabetes | 129 (20.8) | 463 (17.4) | 114 (20.9) |
| Depression | 92 (14.8) | 301 (11.3) | 81 (14.8) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 84 (13.5) | 330 (12.4) | 76 (13.9) |
| Prostate disorder | 79 (12.7) | 289 (10.8) | 67 (12.3) |
| Anxiety | 72 (11.6) | 323 (12.1) | 66 (12.1) |
| Obesity | 72 (11.6) | 253 (9.5) | 64 (11.7) |
| Arthritis | 61 (9.8) | 312 (11.7) | 60 (11.0) |
| Osteoporosis | 53 (8.5) | 198 (7.4) | 48 (8.8) |
| Sleep apnea | 39 (6.3) | 105 (3.9) | 33 (6.0) |
| Dyspepsia/stomach pain | 37 (6.0) | 162 (6.1) | 34 (6.2) |
Notes:
Low, 100–250 µg fluticasone; medium, >250–500 µg fluticasone; high, >500 µg fluticasone. Use of the ©MMAS is protected by US copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement is available from Donald E Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772.
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β2-agonists; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; MMAS-8, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8.
In the population of patients with COPD on dual or triple therapy for a minimum of 3 months regardless of FEV1 status, patient characteristics were similar to those of the primary study population (Table 1). The study population with FEV1 ≤65% and on dual or triple therapy for a minimum of 6 months was also similar to the primary study population (Table 1).
Treatment
In the primary study population, 41.4% and 58.6% of patients were on dual and triple therapy, respectively (Table 1). ICS/LABA (fixed-dosage combination) was the most common dual therapy (41.6%) and ICS/LABA plus LAMA was the most common triple therapy (88.9%) prescribed to patients. The percentages of patients receiving triple therapy in each of the GOLD ABCD categories were as follows: group A, 35.7%; group B, 50.4%; group C, 83.3%; and group D, 66.6%.
For the sensitivity analysis populations, 52.9% and 47.1% of the overall population regardless of the FEV1 status were receiving dual and triple therapy, respectively. Of patients with FEV1 ≤65% on treatment for ≥6 months, 41.3% and 58.7% were receiving dual and triple therapy, respectively (Table 1).
Treatment adherence
In the primary study population, 613 patients had completed MMAS-8; 185 patients were highly adherent to treatment (30.2%). The mean age of patients highly adherent to treatment was 67.4 years; 72.4% were male, 26.8% were current smokers, and 68% suffered from concomitant hypertension. These patient characteristics were similar to those of the overall patient population.
Timing of symptoms and frequency of reliever usage
In the primary study population, symptoms occurred most frequently during winter (91.7%) and autumn (62.0%) months (Table 2). Of these patients, 56.7% reported that their symptoms occurred mainly during daytime hours, whereas 38.5% of other patients had equal daytime and nighttime occurrences. Use of a reliever inhaler at least once a week was reported by 67.1% of patients. Patients with greater maintenance medication adherence tended to use their reliever inhaler less frequently than those with lower adherence (Table 3). However, of patients with high adherence, 59.4% still reported using their reliever at least once a week and 33.3% used a reliever inhaler three to six times a week or every day.
Table 2.
Patient-reported symptom burden and health-related quality of life (patient self-completion questionnaire assessed)
| Primary study population | Study population, no FEV1 criteria | Study population, dual/triple therapy for ≥6 months | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time of day of symptoms, n (%) | n=671 | n=2,871 | n=589 |
| Daytime only | 103 (15.4) | 451 (15.7) | 84 (14.3) |
| Primarily daytime | 277 (41.3) | 1,283 (44.7) | 250 (42.4) |
| Equally day and night | 258 (38.5) | 939 (32.7) | 227 (38.5) |
| Primarily nighttime | 29 (4.3) | 183 (6.4) | 25 (4.2) |
| Nighttime only | 4 (0.6) | 15 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) |
| Time of year of symptoms, n (%) | n=424 | n=1,742 | n=375 |
| Spring | 143 (33.7) | 553 (31.7) | 130 (34.7) |
| Summer | 124 (29.2) | 424 (24.3) | 115 (30.7) |
| Autumn | 263 (62.0) | 1,015 (58.3) | 235 (62.7) |
| Winter | 389 (91.7) | 1,525 (87.5) | 341 (90.9) |
| Most troublesome symptom in the past 4 weeks, n (%) | n=623 | n=2,557 | n=551 |
| No symptoms | 1 (0.2) | 14 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) |
| Shortness of breath when resting | 78 (12.5) | 233 (9.1) | 67 (12.2) |
| Shortness of breath during exertion/exercise | 326 (52.3) | 1,165 (45.6) | 291 (52.8) |
| Shortness of breath when exposed to trigger | 14 (2.2) | 61 (2.4) | 13 (2.4) |
| Wheezing | 28 (4.5) | 138 (5.4) | 25 (4.5) |
| Productive cough/sputum | 95 (15.2) | 510 (19.9) | 81 (14.7) |
| Dry cough | 20 (3.2) | 171 (6.7) | 18 (3.3) |
| Coughing up blood | 2 (0.3) | 20 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) |
| Regular clearing of throat | 7 (1.1) | 45 (1.8) | 7 (1.3) |
| A tight feeling in the chest | 34 (5.5) | 119 (4.7) | 31 (5.6) |
| Bronchospasm/sudden chest tightening | 18 (2.9) | 81 (3.2) | 15 (2.7) |
| Impact of COPD on getting up and ready for the day, n (%) | n=674 | n=2,877 | n=591 |
| No impact | 95 (14.1) | 640 (22.2) | 81 (13.7) |
| Rarely impacts | 164 (24.3) | 826 (28.7) | 143 (24.2) |
| Occasionally impacts | 243 (36.1) | 901 (31.3) | 218 (36.9) |
| Frequently impacts | 137 (20.3) | 402 (14.0) | 118 (20.0) |
| Constantly impacts | 35 (5.2) | 108 (3.8) | 31 (5.2) |
| Impact of COPD on personal relationships, n (%) | n=668 | n=2,855 | n=585 |
| No impact | 101 (15.1) | 613 (21.5) | 90 (15.4) |
| Rarely impacts | 194 (29.0) | 983 (34.4) | 169 (28.9) |
| Occasionally impacts | 242 (36.2) | 892 (31.2) | 212 (36.2) |
| Frequently impacts | 103 (15.4) | 300 (10.5) | 89 (15.2) |
| Constantly impacts | 28 (4.2) | 67 (2.3) | 25 (4.3) |
| Impact of COPD on leisure/personal time, n (%) | n=663 | n=2,843 | n=581 |
| No impact | 53 (8.0) | 370 (13.0) | 47 (8.1) |
| Rarely impacts | 147 (22.2) | 778 (27.4) | 127 (21.9) |
| Occasionally impacts | 248 (37.4) | 1,035 (36.4) | 219 (37.7) |
| Frequently impacts | 168 (25.3) | 546 (19.2) | 146 (25.1) |
| Constantly impacts | 47 (7.1) | 114 (4.0) | 42 (7.2) |
| Impact of COPD on work (if in work), n (%) | n=145 | n=740 | n=120 |
| No impact | 28 (19.3) | 171 (23.1) | 22 (18.3) |
| Rarely impacts | 36 (24.8) | 264 (35.7) | 33 (27.5) |
| Occasionally impacts | 53 (36.6) | 218 (29.5) | 48 (40.0) |
| Frequently impacts | 24 (16.6) | 73 (9.9) | 16 (13.3) |
| Constantly impacts | 4 (2.8) | 14 (1.9) | 1 (0.8) |
| Impact of COPD on sleep, n (%) | n=668 | n=2,845 | n=585 |
| No impact | 116 (17.4) | 577 (20.3) | 103 (17.6) |
| Rarely impacts | 198 (29.6) | 976 (34.3) | 174 (29.7) |
| Occasionally impacts | 221 (33.1) | 877 (30.8) | 195 (33.3) |
| Frequently impacts | 110 (16.5) | 356 (12.5) | 93 (15.9) |
| Constantly impacts | 23 (3.4) | 59 (2.1) | 20 (3.4) |
| Satisfaction with current control of COPD, n (%) | n=506 | n=2,198 | n=441 |
| Satisfied | 222 (43.9) | 1,225 (55.7) | 201 (45.6) |
| Dissatisfied, best possible control | 228 (45.1) | 773 (35.2) | 196 (44.4) |
| Dissatisfied, better control possible | 56 (11.1) | 200 (9.1) | 44 (10.0) |
| Feelings experienced, n (%) | n=666 | n=2,878 | n=585 |
| Constant lack of energy | 299 (44.9) | 1,043 (36.2) | 266 (45.5) |
| Tiredness through lack of sleep | 204 (30.6) | 857 (29.8) | 178 (30.4) |
| Sickness | 48 (7.2) | 258 (9.0) | 33 (5.6) |
| Nervousness or anxiety | 179 (26.9) | 681 (23.7) | 155 (26.5) |
| Feelings of sadness or depression | 134 (20.1) | 409 (14.2) | 117 (20.0) |
| Difficulty expressing your feelings | 63 (9.5) | 215 (7.5) | 54 (9.2) |
| Embarrassment about your condition | 125 (18.8) | 390 (13.6) | 110 (18.8) |
| Scared and worried about your condition | 207 (31.1) | 719 (25.0) | 180 (30.8) |
| Feelings of irritability | 164 (24.6) | 625 (21.7) | 145 (24.8) |
| None of them | 124 (18.6) | 709 (24.6) | 109 (18.6) |
| Reliever inhaler usage, n (%) | n=654 | n=2,785 | n=572 |
| I am not prescribed a reliever inhaler | 42 (6.4) | 392 (14.1) | 38 (6.6) |
| Not at all | 74 (11.3) | 442 (15.9) | 67 (11.7) |
| Less than once a week | 99 (15.1) | 467 (16.8) | 84 (14.7) |
| Once or twice a week | 191 (29.2) | 657 (23.6) | 175 (30.6) |
| 3–6 times a week | 111 (17.0) | 379 (13.6) | 95 (16.6) |
| Every day | 137 (20.9) | 448 (16.1) | 113 (19.8) |
| Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, n (%) | n=650 | n=2,755 | n=568 |
| I only get breathless with strenuous exercise (grade 0) | 64 (9.8) | 492 (17.9) | 56 (9.9) |
| I get short of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill (grade 1) | 220 (33.8) | 1,076 (39.1) | 196 (34.5) |
| On level ground, I walk slower than people of the same age because of my breathlessness, or have to stop for breath when walking at my own pace (grade 2) | 206 (31.7) | 734 (26.6) | 179 (31.5) |
| I stop for breath after walking for a few minutes on level ground (grade 3) | 114 (17.5) | 338 (12.3) | 98 (17.3) |
| I am too breathless to leave the house or I am breathless when dressing (grade 4) | 46 (7.1) | 115 (4.2) | 39 (6.9) |
| COPD Assessment Test, mean (SD) | n=648 | n=2,768 | n=569 |
| 23.1 (7.9) | 21.2 (8.0) | 22.9 (7.7) | |
| COPD Assessment Test (grouped), n (%) | n=648 | n=2,768 | n=569 |
| 0–9 | 43 (6.6) | 254 (9.2) | 36 (6.3) |
| 10–20 | 188 (29.0) | 971 (35.1) | 175 (30.8) |
| 21–30 | 298 (46.0) | 1,213 (43.8) | 261 (45.9) |
| >30 | 119 (18.4) | 330 (11.9) | 97 (17.0) |
| Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, mean (SD) | n=628 | n=2,580 | n=559 |
| 6.1 (5.0) | 5.4 (4.6) | 6.0 (5.0) |
Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Table 3.
Symptom burden and health-related quality of life by MMAS-8 (primary study population)
| MMAS-8 | Physician reported
|
Patient reported
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n=209) | Moderate (n=219) | High (n=185) | Low (n=209) | Moderate (n=219) | High (n=185) | |
| Impact of COPD on getting up and ready for the day, n (%) | n=209 | n=219 | n=185 | n=205 | n=217 | n=183 |
| No impact | 17 (8.1) | 33 (15.1) | 22 (11.9) | 22 (10.7) | 29 (13.4) | 30 (16.4) |
| Rarely impacts | 64 (30.6) | 56 (25.6) | 43 (23.2) | 59 (28.8) | 51 (23.5) | 40 (21.9) |
| Occasionally impacts | 68 (32.5) | 66 (30.1) | 68 (36.8) | 74 (36.1) | 79 (36.4) | 63 (34.4) |
| Frequently impacts | 46 (22.0) | 55 (25.1) | 42 (22.7) | 39 (19.0) | 46 (21.2) | 40 (21.9) |
| Constantly impacts | 14 (6.7) | 9 (4.1) | 10 (5.4) | 11 (5.4) | 12 (5.5) | 10 (5.5) |
| Impact of COPD on personal relationships, n (%) | n=208 | n=216 | n=184 | n=207 | n=214 | n=179 |
| No impact | 16 (7.7) | 23 (10.6) | 37 (20.1) | 25 (12.1) | 30 (14.0) | 29 (16.2) |
| Rarely impacts | 71 (34.1) | 80 (37.0) | 49 (26.6) | 54 (26.1) | 66 (30.8) | 58 (32.4) |
| Occasionally impacts | 79 (38.0) | 65 (30.1) | 72 (39.1) | 78 (37.7) | 71 (33.2) | 70 (39.1) |
| Frequently impacts | 34 (16.3) | 44 (20.4) | 21 (11.4) | 38 (18.4) | 37 (17.3) | 18 (10.1) |
| Constantly impacts | 8 (3.8) | 4 (1.9) | 5 (2.7) | 12 (5.8) | 10 (4.7) | 4 (2.2) |
| Impact of COPD on leisure/personal time, n (%) | n=208 | n=218 | n=185 | n=204 | n=213 | n=180 |
| No impact | 6 (2.9) | 13 (6.0) | 14 (7.6) | 14 (6.9) | 10 (4.7) | 16 (8.9) |
| Rarely impacts | 45 (21.6) | 48 (22.0) | 47 (25.4) | 44 (21.6) | 53 (24.9) | 41 (22.8) |
| Occasionally impacts | 84 (40.4) | 72 (33.0) | 63 (34.1) | 76 (37.3) | 81 (38.0) | 67 (37.2) |
| Frequently impacts | 58 (27.9) | 70 (32.1) | 49 (26.5) | 56 (27.5) | 50 (23.5) | 44 (24.4) |
| Constantly impacts | 15 (7.2) | 15 (6.9) | 12 (6.5) | 14 (6.9) | 19 (8.9) | 12 (6.7) |
| Impact of COPD on work (if in work), n (%) | n=44 | n=41 | n=37 | n=47 | n=41 | n=41 |
| No impact | 6 (13.6) | 5 (12.2) | 5 (13.5) | 9 (19.1) | 8 (19.5) | 9 (22.0) |
| Rarely impacts | 10 (22.7) | 14 (34.1) | 11 (29.7) | 7 (14.9) | 13 (31.7) | 12 (29.3) |
| Occasionally impacts | 12 (27.3) | 13 (31.7) | 16 (43.2) | 21 (44.7) | 11 (26.8) | 15 (36.6) |
| Frequently impacts | 14 (31.8) | 6 (14.6) | 3 (8.1) | 8 (17.0) | 7 (17.1) | 5 (12.2) |
| Constantly impacts | 2 (4.5) | 3 (7.3) | 2 (5.4) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Impact of COPD on sleep, n (%) | n=208 | n=218 | n=184 | n=207 | n=215 | n=180 |
| No impact | 21 (10.1) | 39 (17.9) | 40 (21.7) | 29 (14.0) | 38 (17.7) | 37 (20.6) |
| Rarely impacts | 70 (33.7) | 75 (34.4) | 59 (32.1) | 63 (30.4) | 62 (28.8) | 54 (30.0) |
| Occasionally impacts | 67 (32.2) | 67 (30.7) | 59 (32.1) | 68 (32.9) | 76 (35.3) | 59 (32.8) |
| Frequently impacts | 43 (20.7) | 32 (14.7) | 23 (12.5) | 38 (18.4) | 31 (14.4) | 26 (14.4) |
| Constantly impacts | 7 (3.4) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (1.6) | 9 (4.3) | 8 (3.7) | 4 (2.2) |
| Satisfaction with current control of COPD, n (%) | n=145 | n=158 | n=148 | |||
| Satisfied | 56 (38.6) | 66 (41.8) | 78 (52.7) | |||
| Dissatisfied, best possible control | 66 (45.5) | 81 (51.3) | 58 (39.2) | |||
| Dissatisfied, better control possible | 23 (15.9) | 11 (7.0) | 12 (8.1) | |||
| Feelings experienced, n (%) | n=206 | n=216 | n=180 | |||
| Constant lack of energy | 90 (43.7) | 102 (47.2) | 76 (42.2) | |||
| Tiredness through lack of sleep | 72 (35.0) | 65 (30.1) | 45 (25.0) | |||
| Sickness | 20 (9.7) | 15 (6.9) | 6 (3.3) | |||
| Nervousness or anxiety | 64 (31.1) | 62 (28.7) | 41 (22.8) | |||
| Feelings of sadness or depression | 49 (23.8) | 47 (21.8) | 31 (17.2) | |||
| Difficulty expressing your feelings | 28 (13.6) | 17 (7.9) | 12 (6.7) | |||
| Embarrassment about your condition | 41 (19.9) | 51 (23.6) | 29 (16.1) | |||
| Scared and worried about your condition | 67 (32.5) | 73 (33.8) | 49 (27.2) | |||
| Feelings of irritability | 64 (31.1) | 50 (23.1) | 37 (20.6) | |||
| None of them | 27 (13.1) | 41 (19.0) | 50 (27.8) | |||
| Reliever inhaler usage, n (%) | n=203 | n=208 | n=180 | |||
| I am not prescribed a reliever inhaler | 9 (4.4) | 15 (7.2) | 15 (8.3) | |||
| Not at all | 10 (4.9) | 30 (14.4) | 29 (16.1) | |||
| Less than once a week | 26 (12.8) | 32 (15.4) | 29 (16.1) | |||
| Once or twice a week | 76 (37.4) | 52 (25.0) | 47 (26.1) | |||
| 3–6 times a week | 39 (19.2) | 28 (13.5) | 29 (16.1) | |||
| Every day | 43 (21.2) | 51 (24.5) | 31 (17.2) | |||
| Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, n (%) | n=199 | n=210 | n=175 | |||
| I only get breathless with strenuous exercise (grade 0) | 17 (8.5) | 21 (10.0) | 20 (11.4) | |||
| I get short of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill (grade 1) | 66 (33.2) | 72 (34.3) | 60 (34.3) | |||
| On level ground, I walk slower than people of the same age because of my breathlessness, or have to stop for breath when walking at my own pace (grade 2) | 64 (32.2) | 61 (29.0) | 57 (32.6) | |||
| I stop for breath after walking for a few minutes On level ground (grade 3) | 43 (21.6) | 31 (14.8) | 27 (15.4) | |||
| I am too breathless to leave the house or I am breathless when dressing (grade 4) | 9 (4.5) | 25 (11.9) | 11 (6.3) | |||
| COPD Assessment Test | n=201 | n=210 | n=179 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 23.0 (7.8) | 23.9 (7.8) | 22.9 (7.7) | |||
| COPD Assessment Test (grouped), n (%) | n=201 | n=210 | n=179 | |||
| 0–9 | 9 (4.5) | 13 (6.2) | 15 (8.4) | |||
| 10–20 | 58 (28.9) | 67 (31.9) | 49 (27.4) | |||
| 21–30 | 93 (46.3) | 85 (40.5) | 94 (52.5) | |||
| >30 | 41 (20.4) | 45 (21.4) | 21 (11.7) | |||
| Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, mean (SD) | n=194 | n=201 | n=174 | |||
| 6.8 (5.2) | 6.3 (5.1) | 4.9 (4.5) | ||||
Notes: Use of the ©MMAS is protected by US copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement is available from Donald E Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772.
Abbreviation: MMAS-8, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8.
Symptom burden
In the primary study population, 45.1% were dissatisfied with their treatment but considered that they were receiving the best possible control that they could, and 11.1% were dissatisfied but believed that better control was possible (Table 2).
Shortness of breath during exertion/exercise was the most common troublesome symptom reported by patients (52.3%; primary study population) during the preceding 4 weeks. Many patients reported experiencing a constant lack of energy (44.9%), tiredness through lack of sleep (30.6%), and were scared or worried about their own condition (31.1%; Table 2). More than half of the patients also reported that COPD at least occasionally affected their leisure/personal time (69.8%) and work (55.9% [if in work]; Table 2). Physician-reported perceived impact of COPD on the patient’s HRQOL results was similar to that self-reported by patients (Table 4), as was the one reported by patients in the study population, regardless of the FEV1 status or duration of treatment (Table 2). In the high–treatment adherence category, 58.9% of patients also reported that they experienced shortness of breath during exertion/exercise as their most common symptom experienced in the previous 4 weeks and that they experienced a constant lack of energy (42.2%).
Table 4.
Physician-reported symptom burden and health-related quality of life (patient record form assessed)
| Primary study population | Study population, no FEV1 criteria | Study population, dual/triple therapy ≥6 months | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of COPD on getting up and ready for the day, n (%) | n=690 | n=2,951 | n=606 |
| No impact | 85 (12.3) | 647 (21.9) | 73 (12.0) |
| Rarely impacts | 186 (27.0) | 945 (32.0) | 161 (26.6) |
| Occasionally impacts | 224 (32.5) | 823 (27.9) | 201 (33.2) |
| Frequently impacts | 157 (22.8) | 429 (14.5) | 136 (22.4) |
| Constantly impacts | 38 (5.5) | 107 (3.6) | 35 (5.8) |
| Impact of COPD on personal relationships, n (%) | n=683 | n=2,876 | n=600 |
| No impact | 94 (13.8) | 631 (21.9) | 87 (14.5) |
| Rarely impacts | 225 (32.9) | 1,037 (36.1) | 192 (32.0) |
| Occasionally impacts | 237 (34.7) | 834 (29.0) | 206 (34.3) |
| Frequently impacts | 107 (15.7) | 326 (11.3) | 97 (16.2) |
| Constantly impacts | 20 (2.9) | 48 (1.7) | 18 (3.0) |
| Impact of COPD on leisure/personal time, n (%) | n=688 | n=2,946 | n=604 |
| No impact | 38 (5.5) | 335 (11.4) | 34 (5.6) |
| Rarely impacts | 158 (23.0) | 882 (29.9) | 135 (22.4) |
| Occasionally impacts | 246 (35.8) | 998 (33.9) | 219 (36.3) |
| Frequently impacts | 200 (29.1) | 609 (20.7) | 174 (28.8) |
| Constantly impacts | 46 (6.7) | 122 (4.1) | 42 (7.0) |
| Impact of COPD on work (if in work), n (%) | n=136 | n=744 | n=114 |
| No impact | 18 (13.2) | 153 (20.6) | 17 (14.9) |
| Rarely impacts | 38 (27.9) | 275 (37.0) | 32 (28.1) |
| Occasionally impacts | 44 (32.4) | 203 (27.3) | 37 (32.5) |
| Frequently impacts | 28 (20.6) | 95 (12.8) | 23 (20.2) |
| Constantly impacts | 8 (5.9) | 18 (2.4) | 5 (4.4) |
| Impact of COPD on sleep, n (%) | n=687 | n=2,921 | n=603 |
| No impact | 116 (16.9) | 640 (21.9) | 105 (17.4) |
| Rarely impacts | 229 (33.3) | 1,103 (37.8) | 195 (32.3) |
| Occasionally impacts | 210 (30.6) | 817 (28.0) | 189 (31.3) |
| Frequently impacts | 115 (16.7) | 318 (10.9) | 100 (16.6) |
| Constantly impacts | 17 (2.5) | 43 (1.5) | 14 (2.3) |
Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
More than half of the patients in the primary study population had CAT scores >20 (64.4%; Table 2; Figure 1) from a possible total score of 40, indicating a large or very large impact of COPD on the patient’s health status.14 More than 50% of patients had mMRC dyspnea scale scores ≥2, indicating that many patients suffer a degree of breathlessness.15 The mean JSEQ score was 6.1 out of a possible total score of 20, indicative of experiencing sleep disturbance (Table 2).12 Similar results were observed for the study population, regardless of the FEV1 level or duration of treatment (Table 2). For patients categorized by GOLD ABCD group, >50% of patients in GOLD groups B and D had CAT scores >20 (57.9% and 78.5%, respectively) and >50% of patients in GOLD group D had mMRC dyspnea scale scores ≥2 (Table 5).
Figure 1.
Percentage of patients by CAT score category for the primary study population overall and by adherence to treatment categories.a
Notes: aAssessed using the MMAS-8: low, <6; moderate, 6–7; high, 8. Use of the ©MMAS is protected by US copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement is available from Donald E Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772.
Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; MMAS-8, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8.
Table 5.
Symptom burden of patients categorized by GOLD ABCD group
| Overalla (N=640) | GOLD group2
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (n=28) | B (n=268) | C (n=15) | D (n=329) | ||
| CAT score | N=640 | n=28 | n=268 | n=15 | n=329 |
| Mean (SD) | 23.1 (7.9) | 6.3 (2.5) | 21.9 (6.4) | 7.1 (2.0) | 26.2 (6.4) |
| 0–9, n (%) | 43 (6.7) | 28 (100.0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100.0) | 0 (0) |
| 10–20, n (%) | 184 (28.7) | 0 (0) | 113 (42.2) | 0 (0) | 71 (21.6) |
| 21–30, n (%) | 294 (45.9) | 0 (0) | 128 (47.8) | 0 (0) | 166 (50.5) |
| >30, n (%) | 119 (18.6) | 0 (0) | 27 (10.1) | 0 (0) | 92 (28.0) |
| mMRC dyspnea scale, n (%) | n=610 | n=27 | n=255 | n=12 | n=316 |
| I only get breathless with strenuous exercise (grade 0) | 59 (9.7) | 16 (59.3) | 26 (10.2) | 3 (25.0) | 14 (4.4) |
| I get short of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill (grade 1) | 206 (33.8) | 8 (29.6) | 108 (42.4) | 6 (50.0) | 84 (26.6) |
| On level ground, I walk slower than people of the same age because of my breathlessness, or have to stop for breath when walking at my own pace (grade 2) | 194 (31.8) | 2 (7.4) | 80 (31.4) | 3 (25.0) | 109 (34.5) |
| I stop for breath after walking for a few minutes on level ground (grade 3) | 107 (17.5) | 1 (3.7) | 35 (13.7) | 0 (0) | 71 (22.5) |
| I am too breathless to leave the house or I am breathless when dressing (grade 4) | 44 (7.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 38 (12.0) |
| JSEQ score, n | n=589 | n=27 | n=244 | n=13 | n=305 |
| Mean (SD) | 6.0 (5.0) | 1.1 (2.0) | 4.9 (4.4) | 1.1 (1.4) | 7.6 (5.1) |
Note:
Overall GOLD group.
Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; JSEQ, Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire; mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council.
Although there was some improvement in patient burden with increased medication adherence in the primary study population, substantial burden remained for patients who were most adherent. More than half of these patients (64.2%) had a CAT score >20 (Table 3; Figure 1) and 54.2% had an mMRC dyspnea scale score of ≥2 (Table 3).
Discussion
The results of this analysis, using data collected via physician- and patient-reported questionnaires, highlight the large symptom burden experienced by patients with COPD. The use of dual and triple therapy treatment has been associated with clinically meaningful improvements in lung function and HRQOL and reduced exacerbations in patients with COPD.2,3 However, we found that despite receiving dual or triple therapy, some patients with COPD and FEV1 ≤65% reported a significant burden of symptoms that affected their everyday lives. This symptom burden was also significant in those with good treatment adherence. More than half of this patient population presented with CAT scores >20 (64.4%) and mMRC dyspnea scale scores ≥2 (56.3%). This large symptom burden was experienced by patients regardless of their lung function and by those who had been receiving treatment for a minimum of 6 months.
Previous studies examining the burden of symptoms for patients with moderate/severe COPD have reported similar results to our findings, such as approximately half of the patients having an mMRC dyspnea scale score ≥2 and associated greater CAT score.16,17 However, these studies have often been limited to national data or evaluation of a limited number of symptoms.16–19 Uniquely, this study used treatment as a criterion for analyses of symptom burden applied to a worldwide patient population. The findings highlight the large unmet need for further treatments for symptom control in patients with COPD, whose disease significantly affects their daily lives despite receiving current standard-of-care therapy for severe disease. The disease characteristics and symptom burden for the secondary study populations (those without an FEV1 inclusion criterion and those who had been on medication for a minimum of 6 months) were similar to those of the primary study population. These similarities demonstrate that the large burden of symptoms for patients with COPD is not restricted to those with reduced lung function, those with suboptimal adherence to treatment, or those who have been on dual or triple therapy for <6 months.
In this study population, symptoms occurred most frequently during daytime hours and the autumn and winter months. These results are consistent with previous studies. The ASSESS study reported that despite regular treatment, 90.5% of patients with stable COPD experienced symptoms at some point during the day,20 while the TORCH long-term international study demonstrated an increased risk of COPD exacerbations in the winter months in northern (Canada, China, 26 eastern and western European countries, and the USA) and southern (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, and South Africa) regions.21 Our results on the prevalence of daytime/nighttime symptoms, breathlessness being the most common symptom, prevalence of sleep impairment, and more than half of patients being dissatisfied with their current medications’ ability to control symptoms were in general agreement with previous studies.4,17
Previous studies have reported that concordance of symptom burden and impact on HRQOL reports from physicians and patients are greater for patients with more severe COPD compared with those with milder disease.21 In our study, there was reasonable concordance between physician- and patient-reported responses describing symptom burden, suggesting that physician–patient communication is not a barrier to improving care for patients with more severe disease, although it may be a factor for those with milder disease.
The data used in this study were collected from patients consulting their physicians in a routine care setting with no excessively restrictive exclusion criteria and, therefore, are representative of patients in a real-world clinical setting. However, this study has some potential limitations. Patients who consulted a physician and agreed to participate were included in the study; therefore, patients who consulted their physician more frequently or who were experiencing COPD-related symptoms may be overrepresented in the study population. Furthermore, the impact of undertreatment on symptom burden could not be evaluated and the focus of this study was symptom burden, and exacerbation rate was not included; therefore, only one dimension of the clinical burden was considered for patients with COPD. For these reasons, generalizability of our findings to the whole COPD population may be limited. It is also not known to what extent those patients who did not complete a patient self-completion questionnaire (and were therefore excluded from the analysis) differed from those who did complete the questionnaire; this circumstance may introduce a further bias of patient selection. In addition, the quality of data is dependent on accurate reporting of information by physicians and patients, although physicians were permitted to use patient records to limit errors in actual treatment, events, and comorbidities. As part of sensitivity analyses, the GOLD ABCD classification system was used to categorize patients based on their degrees of symptom burden and exacerbation risk. However, the timing of classification, whether at diagnosis or subsequent evaluations, may be subject to interpatient variation. Other limitations include the cross-sectional retrospective study design. Our report assessed associations between factors and did not identify causality, and retrospective reports of adverse events were not provided. We also did not assess the effect of patients receiving double or triple therapy on their symptom burden, which may further limit the interpretation of our results.
Conclusion
Despite receiving dual or triple therapy, a number of patients with COPD still reported major symptoms that affected their everyday lives and impaired their health status. For patients with COPD receiving dual or triple therapy, we found associations between symptomatic burden and adherence to treatment. Nevertheless, some highly adherent patients still had substantial symptom burden. Further research is necessary to identify novel treatment strategies for patients who continue to experience symptoms despite receiving dual or triple treatment regimens.
Acknowledgments
This analysis was funded by AstraZeneca. We wish to thank Tom Bailey and Megan Scott for their contributions to this work. Editorial support was provided by Debra Scates, PhD, of JK Associates, Inc. and Michael A Nissen, ELS, of AstraZeneca. This support was funded by AstraZeneca.
Footnotes
Disclosure
Mark Small is an employee of Adelphi Real World. Stephanie Chen, Leandro Lindner, and Xiao Xu are employees of AstraZeneca. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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