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Extrahepatic effects of insulin that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis.
| Organ/tissue | Action | Effect on liver | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Pancreatic alpha cells | Secretion of glucagon ↓ | Transcriptional regulation of gluconeogenic genes | 12–14, 16 |
| White adipose tissue | Lipolysis ↓ | Reduction of free fatty acid delivery to the liver | 10,14,17 |
| Skeletal muscle | Proteolysis ↓ | Reduction of amino acid flux to the liver | 10,14 |
| Central nervous system | Pleiotropic manner | Multiple effects | 18 |
