Figure 1. Summary of the impact of waterpipe smoke inhalation of pulmonary and oral tissues.

Figure showing various markers of oxidative stress and inflammation by waterpipe smoking in human biological fluids including bronchalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as pathophysiological responses. IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha

^*Further studies are needed to assess the biomarkers of inflammation in the oral/periodontal tissues among waterpipe smokers