Table 2.
Association between Number of PTSD Symptoms and Pain-related Outcome Measures (N=4,402).
| Number of PTSD Positive Answers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| 0 48.0% (N=2,111) |
1 12.7% (N=557) |
2 11.7% (N=516) |
3 10.1% (N=444) |
4 17.6% (N=774) |
ANOVA or Chi-square/Jonckheer e-Terpstra p-values | |
|
| ||||||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Sex, % female (n) | 62.0 (1,302) | 63.3 (349) | 67.0 (343)* | 67.7 (300)* | 70.1 (440)* | 0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 50.2 (15.2) | 49.9 (14.9) | 47.6 (14.2)* | 46.5 (13.4)* | 43.8 (12.2)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Payor category - % (n) | <0.001 | |||||
| Private insurance | 45.0 (890) | 32.3 (164)* | 31.5 (149)* | 28.1 (115)* | 23.5 (166)* | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 25.2 (499) | 31.4 (159)* | 34.0 (161)* | 43.8 (179)* | 49.4 (349)* | <0.001 |
| Medicare | 24.8 (491) | 28.6 (145) | 27.9 (132) | 21.8 (89) | 16.8 (119)* | <0.001 |
| Other (e.g., LNI/Tricare) | 5.0 (98) | 7.7 (39) | 6.6 (31) | 6.4% (26) | 10.3 (73)* | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| PAIN & INTERFERENCE | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
|
| ||||||
| Pain intensity | 6.3 (1.9) | 6.5 (2.0) | 6.7 (1.8)* | 7.0 (1.7)* | 7.1 (1.7)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Pain interference with general activity | 6.6 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.3)* | 7.1 (2.1)* | 7.5 (2.1)* | 7.7 (2.1)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Pain interference with enjoyment of life | 6.6 (2.5) | 7.2 (2.4)* | 7.2 (2.3)* | 7.8 (2.2)* | 7.9 (2.1)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| FUNCTION | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| ODI score | 43.0 (16.2) | 47.4 (16.3)* | 48.8 (15.7)* | 51.7 (15.1)* | 54.6 (15.1)* | 0<.001/0<.001 |
|
| ||||||
| MOOD, QOL, SATISFACTION | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| PHQ-9 score | 8.7 (5.7) | 11.9 (6.0)* | 12.7 (5.7)* | 14.8 (6.0)* | 16.6 (6.5)* | 0<.001/0<.001 |
|
| ||||||
| GAD-7 score | 4.5 (4.4) | 7.4 (5.0)* | 8.6 (5.0)* | 10.9 (5.4)* | 13.0 (5.8)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| PROMIS global | 27.5 (4.8) | 26.3 (4.6)* | 25.7 (4.2)* | 25.3 (4.4)* | 24.7 (4.0)* | <0.001/0<.001 |
|
| ||||||
| SUBSTANCE ABUSE/MISUSE | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| ORT score | 2.5 (3.3) | 3.7 (4.1)* | 4.3 (4.1)* | 4.8 (4.6)* | 5.5 (4.9)* | <0.001/<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| AUDIT-C score | 1.4 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.5)* | 1.1 (1.5)* | 1.1 (1.4)* | 1.0 (1.3)* | 0.002/<0.001 |
Abbreviations: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; LNI = Labor & Industries; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; ORT = Opioid Risk Tool; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PTSD = Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; QOL = quality of life; SD = standard deviation