Table II.

Individual characteristics associated with female HIV infection

	Case Women (N=96)		Control Women (N=49)		Fisher’s Exact Test	Unadjusteda			Adjustedb
	N	%	N	%	p-value	OR	(95% CI)	p-value	OR	(95% CI)	p-value
Study Design
Variables
HIV Status
Positive	96	(100%)	0	(0.0%)
Negative	0	(0.0%)	49	(100.0%)	< 0.0001
Location of HIV Diagnosis
Antenatal Care	90	(93.8%)	46	(93.9%)		1.			1.
Postnatal	6	(6.3%)	3	(6.1%)	> 0.9	1.0	(0.2, 4.3)	> 0.9	5.1	(0.7, 34.6)	0.1
Age Category
18–19	5	(5.2%)	2	(4.1%)		1.3	(0.2, 7.4)	0.8	1.3	(0.2, 8.3)	0.8
20–24	38	(39.6%)	20	(40.8%)		1.			1.
25–29	27	(28.1%)	14	(28.6%)		1.0	(0.4, 2.4)	> 0.9	0.5	(0.2, 1.4)	0.2
30–34	20	(20.8%)	10	(20.4%)		1.1	(0.4, 2.7)	0.9	0.3	(0.08, 1.2)	0.08
≥35	6	(6.3%)	3	(6.1%)	> 0.9	1.1	(0.2, 4.7)	0.9	0.2	(0.02, 1.4)	0.1
Demographics
Religion
Protestant	57	(59.4%)	24	(49.0%)		1.
Catholic	18	(18.8%)	7	(14.3%)		1.0	(0.4, 2.9)	0.9
Muslim	8	(8.3%)	5	(10.2%)		0.6	(0.2, 2.3)	0.5
Other	13	(13.5%)	13	(26.5%)	0.2	0.4	(0.2, 1.0)	0.06
Length of residence in current home
< 1 year	23	(24.0%)	7	(14.3%)		1.
1–2 years	21	(21.9%)	8	(16.3%)		0.8	(0.2, 2.6)	0.7
2–5 years	27	(28.1%)	17	(34.7%)		0.5	(0.2, 1.4)	0.2
5–10 years	7	(7.3%)	8	(16.3%)		0.3	(0.07, 1.0)	0.05
≥ 10 Years	18	(18.8%)	9	(18.4%)	0.3	0.6	(0.2, 2.0)	0.4
Number of prior pregnancies
0	17	(17.7%)	9	(18.4%)		1.
1–2	51	(53.1%)	24	(49.0%)		1.2	(0.4, 3.5)	0.8
3–4	24	(25.0%)	14	(28.6%)		0.9	(0.2, 3.5)	0.8
≥ 5	4	(4.2%)	2	(4.1%)	> 0.9	0.9	(0.09, 10.2)	> 0.9
Number of living children
0	6	(7.6%)	3	(7.5%)		1.
1–2	54	(68.4%)	24	(60.0%)		1.1	(0.2, 4.7)	0.9
≥ 3	19	(24.1%)	13	(32.5%)	0.6	0.6	(0.1, 3.2)	0.5
Socioeconomic Status
Education
Less than Secondary	81	(84.4%)	39	(79.6%)		1.4	(0.6, 3.5)	0.5
Secondary Complete	15	(15.6%)	10	(20.4%)	0.5	1.
Earning Status
Non-Wage Earner	82	(85.4%)	34	(69.4%)		1.9	(0.6, 5.9)	0.2
Partial Wage Earner	4	(4.2%)	8	(16.3%)		0.4	(0.08, 1.7)	0.2
Full Wage Earner	10	(10.4%)	7	(14.3%)	0.03	1.
Floor Material
Cement or tile	71	(74.0%)	41	(83.7%)		1.
Dirt or dung	15	(15.6%)	6	(12.2%)		1.4	(0.5, 4.0)	0.5
Other	10	(10.4%)	2	(4.1%)	0.4	3.0	(0.6, 14.6)	0.2
Any Hunger in the Last Month
No	82	(85.4%)	45	(91.8%)		1.
Yes	14	(14.6%)	4	(8.2%)	0.3	1.9	(0.6, 6.3)	0.3
Behavioral Factors
Age at first intercourse
< 15 years old	9	(9.4%)	3	(6.1%)		1.6	(0.4, 6.4)	0.5
15–17 years old	36	(37.5%)	20	(40.8%)		0.9	(0.4, 1.9)	0.8
≥ 18 years old	51	(53.1%)	26	(53.1%)	0.9	1.
Number of lifetime sexual partners
1–2	47	(49.0%)	37	(75.5%)		1.			1.
≥ 3	49	(51.0%)	12	(12.5%)	0.003	3.3	(1.5, 7.2)	0.003	2.0	(0.8, 5.1)	0.1
Number of lifetime marriages
1	51	(53.7%)	43	(87.8%)		1.			1.
≥ 2	44	(46.3%)	6	(12.2%)	< 0.0001	8.6	(3.0, 24.2)	< 0.0001	9.1	(2.4, 34.2)	0.001
Missing	1		0
HIV care-seeking
Time since last HIV test
Never	27	(30.7%)	13	(27.1%)		1.			1.
≤1 Year ago	11	(12.5%)	17	(35.4%)		0.3	(0.1, 0.9)	0.03	0.3	(0.08, 1.2)	0.1
> 1 Year ago	50	(56.8%)	18	(37.5%)	0.007	1.4	(0.6, 3.5)	0.5	1.9	(0.7, 5.8)	0.2
Missing	8		1
Location of last HIV test
ANC	38	(55.1%)	21	(58.3%)		1.
L&D	6	(8.7%)	2	(5.6%)		1.7	(0.3, 9.6)	0.5
VCT facility	9	(13.0%)	3	(8.3%)		1.8	(0.4, 7.6)	0.4
Other Healthcare Setting	15	(21.7%)	10	(27.8%)	0.8	0.8	(0.3, 2.2)	0.7
Missing	1		0
Couple HIV testing and counseling
Never	92	(95.8%)	37	(75.5%)		1.			1.		.
Ever	4	(4.2%)	12	(24.5%)	0.0004	0.1	(0.04, 0.4)	0.0009	0.2	(0.04, 0.9)	0.03

^aAdjusted for female age category and recruitment site

^bAdjusted for female age category, recruitment site, and all covariates with p <= 0.1

^cConsidered for final adjustment set but not included in final model (p > 0.15)