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. 2018 Apr 24;10:93. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00093

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Copyright © 2018 Nusrat, Livingston-Thomas, Raguthevan, Adams, Vonderwalde, Corbett and Morshead.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Chronic CsA treatment reduces cognitive impairments. (A) Experimental timeline. PB, puzzle box; OF, Open Field; YM, Y-Maze. (B) Stroke-Alone (n = 18), but not Stroke+CsA (n = 16), showed persisting cognitive deficits compared to controls (n = 14) in the PB task; *p < 0.05. (C) Stroke+CsA animals show significant improvement at day 22–24 (#) and 45–47 (*) compared to day 4–6. (D) Stroke-alone animals show spontaneous recovery in trial 9 at long-term time points. (E) No significant differences were observed in the amount of time spent in the corner zones of the maze between Stroke-alone (n = 11), Stroke+CsA (n = 11), and control (n = 8) groups. Day 22–24: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; Day 45–47: ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001.