Table 2.

Statistically significant fixed effects and parameter estimates of the influences on change in axial length.

Parameter	All subjects (n = 137)		Myopes only (n = 113)
	Parameter estimates	P value	Parameter estimates	P value
Model 1 – HO RMS
Intercept	20.23	<0.001	19.96	<0.001
ln(age)	1.68	<0.001	1.80	<0.001
Sex*	−0.67	<0.001	−0.60	<0.001
SER	−0.32	<0.001	−0.31	<0.001
HO RMS†	0.20	0.046	0.22	0.071
Time by HO RMS†	−0.10	0.030	−0.11	0.048
Model 2 – SA RMS and coma RMS
Intercept	20.51	<0.001	20.21	<0.001
ln(age)	1.55	<0.001	1.68	<0.001
Sex*	−0.67	<0.001	−0.60	<0.001
SER	−0.31	<0.001	−0.31	<0.001
Time by SA RMS†	−0.13	0.037	−0.16	0.037
Model 3 – individual Zernike terms
Intercept	20.29	<0.001	20.09	<0.001
ln(age)	1.64	<0.001	1.75	<0.001
Sex*	−0.68	<0.001	−0.60	<0.001
SER	−0.31	<0.001	−0.30	<0.001
Zernike terms†
${\mathrm{Z}}_3^{-3}$	0.25	0.011	0.22	0.085
${\mathrm{Z}}_3^3$	−0.28	0.041	−0.23	0.170
${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$	0.26	0.032	0.33	0.031
Time by Zernike terms†
Time by ${\mathrm{Z}}_3^{-3}$	−0.11	0.012	−0.10	0.064
Time by ${\mathrm{Z}}_3^3$	0.13	0.033	0.11	0.122
Time by ${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$	−0.11	0.032	−0.14	0.042

Other parameters and interactions with time did not show statistically significant effects (all P > 0.05) in the LMMs.

SER: spherical equivalent refraction; HO RMS: RMS of total higher-order aberrations (3rd to 6th orders inclusive); SA RMS: RMS of spherical-like aberrations (${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$ and ${\mathrm{Z}}_6^0$ combined); coma RMS: RMS of coma-like aberrations (${\mathrm{Z}}_3^{-1}$, ${\mathrm{Z}}_3^1$, ${\mathrm{Z}}_5^{-1}$ and ${\mathrm{Z}}_5^{-1}$ combined).

*Parameter estimate for girls. ^†Per 0.1 µm.