Table 2.
Associations of blood pressure with 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion per one-unit increase.
| Sodium/potassium excretion | No. | Crude model | Adjusted mode1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in BP (95% CI) | P value | Changes in BP (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| Per 1-g increase of sodium excretion | 41,475 | 1.55 (1.42,1.67) | <0.01 | 1.70 (1.58, 1.82) | <0.01 |
| Sodium <5 g/day | 15,658 | 0.56 (0.08, 1.05) | 0.02 | 0.89 (0.45, 1.33) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 10,002 | 2.62 (1.16, 4.08) | <0.01 | 2.10 (0.75, 3.44) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 15,815 | 1.29 (1.00, 1.59) | <0.01 | 1.64 (1.37, 1.92) | <0.01 |
| Per 1-g increase of potassium excretion | 41,475 | −0.29 (−0.75, 0.17) | 0.21 | −1.10 (−1.53, −0.67) | <0.01 |
| Potassium <1.8 g/day | 11,742 | 5.08 (2.75, 7.41) | <0.01 | 1.28 (−0.84, 3.40) | 0.24 |
| Potassium 1.8–2.2 g/day | 13,925 | 0.13 (−3.11, 3.36) | 0.94 | 0.02 (−2.94, 2.99) | 0.99 |
| Potassium >2.2 g/day | 15,808 | −2.16 (−3.24, −1.08) | <0.01 | −2.30 (−3.32, −1.29) | <0.01 |
| Per one unit increase of ratio2 | 41,475 | 3.74 (3.46, 4.02) | <0.01 | 4.33 (4.07, 4.59) | <0.01 |
| Ratio <2.3 | 12,144 | 2.94 (1.62, 4.27) | <0.01 | 4.14 (2.93, 5.36) | <0.01 |
| Ratio 2.3-3.0 | 15,553 | 6.01 (4.31, 7.72) | <0.01 | 5.68 (4.12, 7.24) | <0.01 |
| Ratio >3.0 | 13,778 | 3.32 (2.60, 4.03) | <0.01 | 3.64 (2.98, 4.28) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||
| Per 1-g increase of sodium excretion | 41,475 | 0.66 (0.59, 0.73) | <0.01 | 0.49 (0.42, 0.56) | <0.01 |
| Sodium <5 g/day | 15,658 | −0.01 (−0.28, 0.26) | 0.92 | −0.09 (−0.35, 0.16) | 0.48 |
| Sodium 5-6 g/day | 10,002 | 1.13 (0.30, 1.96) | 0.01 | 0.64 (−0.16, 1.44) | 0.11 |
| Sodium >6g/day | 15,815 | 0.53 (0.37, 0.69) | <0.01 | 0.52 (0.36, 0.68) | <0.01 |
| Per 1-g increase of potassium excretion | 41,475 | 0.24 (−0.01, 0.50) | 0.06 | −0.91 (−1.16, −0.66) | <0.01 |
| Potassium <1.8 g/day | 11,742 | 2.24 (0.96, 3.52) | <0.01 | −0.31 (−1.53, 0.92) | 0.63 |
| Potassium 1.8-2.2 g/day | 13,925 | 0.18 (−1.61, 1.97) | 0.85 | −0.80 (−2.50, 0.90) | 0.35 |
| Potassium >2.2 g/day | 15,808 | −0.47 (−1.09, 0.14) | 0.13 | −1.44 (−2.04, −0.84) | <0.01 |
| Per one unit increase of ratio2 | 41,475 | 1.43 (1.27, 1.58) | <0.01 | 1.54 (1.39, 1.69) | <0.01 |
| Ratio <2.3 | 12,144 | 0.65 (−0.10, 1.40) | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.12, 1.55) | 0.03 |
| Ratio 2.3-3.0 | 15,553 | 2.78 (1.82, 3.74) | <0.01 | 2.48 (1.56, 3.39) | <0.01 |
| Ratio >3.0 | 13,778 | 1.37 (0.97, 1.76) | <0.01 | 1.56 (1.19, 1.94) | <0.01 |
Note: BP, blood pressure (mmHg); CI, confidence interval;
1Adjusted for gender, age, education level, geographic region, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol intake;
2Ratio meant 24-hour urinary sodium excretion divided by 24-hour urinary potassium.