Table 3.
Adjusted associations of blood pressure with 24-hour urinary potassium excretion at various levels of urinary sodium excretion.
| Subgroups of urinary sodium excretion | No. | 24-hour urinary potassium excretion | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude model | Adjusted mode1 | ||||
| Changes in BP (95% CI) | P value | Changes in BP (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| All regions | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 15,658 | −1.86 (−2.75, −0.97) | <0.01 | −1.43 (−5.13, −3.50) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 10,002 | −3.97 (−5.00, −2.94) | <0.01 | −4.76 (−5.71, −3.80) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 15,815 | −3.75 (−4.50, −3.00) | <0.01 | −3.40 (−4.10, −2.70) | <0.01 |
| Heavy-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 6,730 | −0.43 (−1.78, 0.92) | 0.53 | −3.38 (−4.63, −2.13) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 4,254 | −3.62 (−5.21, −2.02) | <0.01 | −5.27 (−6.75, −3.79) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 5,898 | −2.30 (−3.56, −1.05) | <0.01 | −3.02 (−4.21, −1.84) | <0.01 |
| Moderate-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 3,542 | −1.07 (−3.02, 0.88) | 0.28 | −4.66 (−6.45, −2.87) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 2,948 | −2.65 (−4.59, −0.72) | <0.01 | −3.22 (−5.01, −1.44) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 6,361 | −3.40 (−4.60, −2.21) | <0.01 | −2.77 (−3.88, −1.67) | <0.01 |
| Low-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 5,386 | −3.94 (−5.42, −2.46) | <0.01 | −5.29 (−6.65, −3.94) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 2,800 | −4.81 (−6.71, −2.90) | <0.01 | −5.14 (−6.89, −3.38) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 3,556 | −4.95 (−6.47, −3.44) | <0.01 | −3.92 (−5.32, −2.52) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||
| All regions | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 15,658 | −0.28 (−0.77, 0.21) | 0.27 | −1.77 (−2.25, −1.30) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5-6 g/day | 10,002 | −1.47 (−2.06, −0.88) | <0.01 | −2.39 (−2.96, −1.82) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 15,815 | −1.18 (−1.60, −0.76) | <0.01 | −1.73 (−2.14, −1.32) | <0.01 |
| Heavy-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 6,730 | 0.19 (−0.55, 0.93) | 0.62 | −1.46 (−2.18, −0.74) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 4,254 | −1.34 (−2.23, −0.44) | <0.01 | −2.62 (−3.50, −1.75) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 5,898 | −0.78 (−1.48, −0.09) | 0.03 | −1.92 (−2.61, −1.24) | <0.01 |
| Moderate-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 3,542 | 0.00 (−1.10, 1.10) | 1.00 | −2.06 (−3.11, −1.01) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 2,948 | −0.95 (−2.07, 0.16) | 0.09 | −1.77 (−2.84, −0.70) | <0.01 |
| Sodium >6 g/day | 6,361 | −0.77 (−1.44, −0.10) | 0.03 | −1.08 (−1.73, −0.43) | <0.01 |
| Low-salt regions 2 | |||||
| Sodium <5 g/day | 5,386 | −1.00 (−1.82, −0.18) | 0.02 | −2.09 (−2.88. −1.30) | <0.01 |
| Sodium 5–6 g/day | 2,800 | −1.96 (−3.06, −0.86) | <0.01 | −2.64 (−3.70, −1.58) | <0.01 |
| vSodium >6 g/day | 3,556 | −2.11 (−2.97, −1.26) | <0.01 | −2.22 (−3.05, −1.39) | <0.01 |
Note: BP, blood pressure (mmHg); CI, confidence interval;
1Adjusted for age, sex, education level, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol intake.
2Per National Diet Salt Intake in 200228, PURE-China centers were classified three salt-diet regions: heavy-salt regions (>8 grams of daily salt intake) included Beijing, Jiangsu Province, Jiangxi Province, and Liaoning Province; moderate-salt regions (7 to 8 grams) included Qinghai Province, Shaanxi Province, and Shandong Province; low-salt regions (<7 grams) included Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Province, and Yunnan Province, Shanxi Province, and Xinjiang Province.