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. 2018 Apr 30;8:6710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25023-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of uNAG level by combining the glycoalbumin-to-hemoglobin A1c (G/A) ratio and presence of albuminuria in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Low G/A ratios are indicated by values less than 2.8, whereas G/A ratios equal to 2.8 or more were defined as high. Albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio equal to or greater than 30 mg/g creatinine. P values for comparison between groups were calculated using Dunn’s procedure in order to correct for multiple comparison error. Abbreviations: uNAG, urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; G/A ratio, glycoalbumin-to-hemoglobin A1c ratio.