Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients according to ABI category.

Characteristics	Normal ABI ≥ 0.8 ≤ 1.3	Low < 0.8	High > 1.3
Patient number	249	46	65
Age Years	63.3 ± 11.9	70.7 ± 8.7*	70.5 ± 8.9*
Male percent	49.4	69.6	72.3
Duration of diabetes years	11.7 ± 9.3	18.2 ± 12.1*	18.4 ± 9.6*
BMI kg/m2	29.5 ± 5.2	29.3 ± 5.0	31.7 ± 5.4*#
Waist/height cm/m n	61.9 ± 8.2 215	61.9 ± 6.9 30	66.7 ± 7.7*# 51
Hba1c percent	7.7 ± 1.5	7.7 ± 1.3	8.1 ± 1.8
Hba1c mmol/mol	61 ± 4.5	61 ± 8.3	65 ± 8.0
Total cholesterol mmol/L n	4.3 ± 1.2 237	4.0 ± 1.2 45	4.0 ± 1.2 59
HDL mmol/L n	1.2 ± 0.4 233	1.1 ± 0.3 36	1.2 ± 0.3 57
Triglycerides mmol/L n	1.8 ± 1.2 233	1.9 ± 1.4 45	1.9 ± 1.1 59
eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2	76.4 ± 24.3	67.2 ± 18.8^	60.4 ± 28.5*
eGFR 5 years prior mL/min/1.73 m2	80.1 ± 23.2	74.0 ± 19.6	70.5 ± 26.3^
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio mg/mmol n	19.0 ± 83.4 210	25.5 ± 81.3* 34	23.2 ± 51.6 57
Calcium.phosphate product mmol/L.mmol/L n	2.63 ± 0.53 211	2.87 ± 0.56^ 36	2.70 ± 0.44 59
Serum alkaline phosphatase mmol/L n	74.2 ± 18.3 238	82.6 ± 24.9 44	79.9 ± 22.4## 63
25 hydroxy-vitamin D n	61.1 ± 22.6 184	59.2 ± 18.3 32	49.2 ± 20.4* 51
Insulin use percent	48.2	69.6	60
Statin use percent	74.3	89.1^	90.8^
Hypertension percent	75.5	97.8^	90.8^
Smoking% Never Current Prior	58.4 12.2 29.4	27.3 20.5 52.3	50 3.4## 26.6
Coronary artery diseasepercent	17.3	47.8^	30.8^
Stroke percent	5.6	17.4^	13.8^
Foot Ulcer percent	4.1	32.6^	16.9^
Osteomyelitis percent	3.6	21.7^	12.3^
Lower limb Amputation percent	0.8	10.9^	7.7^
Biothesiometer reading volts n	30 ± 16 227	47 ± 16* 43	49 ± 17* 61
Diabetic retinopathy percent	21	34.8^	41.9^

n = number available for analysis if less than complete set.

^*p < 0.01, as compared to normal ABI group.

^#p < 0.05, as compared to low ABI group.

^{^}p < 0.05 as compared to normal ABI group.

^##p < 0.05 across groups.