Schematic overview of dendritic cell (DC) and monocytes generation at homeostasis and in systemic infection or endotexemia murine models. The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow and can give rise to the monocyte and DC progenitor (MDP) which in turn differentiates into the DC or monocytic lineages. The differentiation toward DC and monocytes is influenced by cytokines and growth factors (noted in green), notably Flt3-L and M-CSF. Transcription factors involved in cell’s fate choice are noted in blue. Infectious stimuli (in red) can affect this process. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the Gram negative bacilli Yersinia enterocolitica are sensed by radio-resistant cells that produce IFNγ, inducing a selective differentiation of myeloid progenitors toward the monocytic lineage (monocytopoiesis) at the expense of conventional DC (cDC) (17). Moreover, R848 and LPS induce the production of type I IFN involved in the differentiation of myeloid progenitors toward the monocytic lineage (18, 19). cDC, conventional dendritic cell; CDP, common dendritic cell progenitor; Pre-DC, precursor of cDCs; pDC, plasmacytoide DC; cMoP, common monocyte progenitor; Mo-DC, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, Mo-Mac, monocyte-derived macrophages; IFNγ, interferon γ; TLR toll-like receptor.