Table 1.
Multiple mechanisms of photoprotection by natural phytoproducts.
| Antioxidant | Anti–lnflammatory | Direct UVR Blocking | MMP/Collagen | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant (General) | Nrf2/Keap1 | Non–specified | MAPK/JNK/AP1 | NFkB/TNF/COX2 | Wnt/EMT | DNA | |
| Tea Polyphenols | Grape Polyphenols | Tea Polyphenols | Tea Polyphenols | Tea Polyphenols | Algae | Grape Polyphenols | Tea Polyphenols |
| Agarwal et al., 1993 Katiyar et al., 2001 Vayalil et al., 2004 Katiyar, 2002 Grape Polyphenols Afaq et al., 2003a Lephart et al., 2014 Liu et al., 2011 Honokiol Dikalov et al., 2008 Quercetin Seo et al., 2015 Ma et al., 2015 Chen et al., 2017 Apocynin Stolk et al., 1994 Aloe Vera Imaga et al., 2014 Rodrigues et al., 2016 Silymarin Radek et al., 2007 Algae Heo et al., 2009 Hyun et al., 2013 Propolis Kim and Yoo, 2016 Batista et al., 2018 Bolfa et al., 2013 Melatonin Esferoglu et al., 2005 Pérez-González et al., 2017 Janjetovic et al., 2014 |
Liu et al., 2011 Sulforaphane Thimmulappa et al., 2002 Talalay et al., 2007 Kubo et al., 2017 Melatonin Janjetovic et al., 2017 |
Agarwal et al., 1993 Honokiol Vaid et al., 2010 Costa et al., 2017 Quercetin Seo et al., 2015 Ma et al., 2015 Aloe Vera Bałan et al., 2014 Tumeric Sandur et al., 2007 Silymarin Sharifi et al., 2012 Oryan et al., 2012 Propolis Cole et al., 2010 Melatonin Sierra et al., 2013 Scheuer et al., 2016 |
Nomura et al., 2000 Katiyar et al., 2001 Grape Polyphenols Lephart et al., 2014 Afaq et al., 2003a Lee and Moon, 2006Apocynin Byun et al., 2016Tumeric Guo et al., 2008 |
Afaq et al., 2003b Agarwal et al., 1993 Grape Polyphenols Lee and Moon, 2006 Afaq et al., 2003aQuercetin Chen et al., 2017 Honokiol Prasad et al., 2017 Vaid et al., 2010 Apocynin Byun et al., 2016 Nam et al., 2016 Tumeric Guo et al., 2008 Jang et al., 2012 Melatonin Carrillo-Vico et al., 2005 Esposito and Cuzzocrea, 2010 Lee et al., 2016 Ginseng Lee et al., 2012 |
Yang et al., 2018 Hartmann et al., 2016 Propolis Gregoris et al., 2011 |
Lephart and Andrus, 2017 Lee and Moon, 2006 Honokiol Zhao et al., 2017 Aloe Vera Misawa et al., 2017 Tumeric Jang et al., 2012 Algae Ryu et al., 2009 Urikura et al., 2011 Tumeric Liang et al., 2017 |
Michna et al., 2003 Grape Polyphenols Cao et al., 2009 Silymarin Katiyar et al., 2011 Guillermo-Lagae et al., 2015 Algae Heo and Jeon, 2009 Melatonin Jang et al., 2012; Janjetovic et al., 2017 Honokiol Prasad et al., 2017 |