Table 6. Effects of UA on sarcopenia and exercise capacity.

↓, Decrease; ↑, Increase; =, No change; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4-binding protein 1; ADP, Adenosine diphosphate; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; PAX7, paired box protein 7; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; SIRT-1, sirtuin-1; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CK, creatin kinase; CK-MB, creatin kinase-myocardial band; COX, cytochrome c oxidase; HFD, high fat diet; Hk2, hexokinase-2; IGF-1, insulin growth factor-1; iPO, inorganic phosphate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MuRF1, muscle ring finger 1; mTFA, mitochondrial transcription factor A; PGC-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1; PRAS40, proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa; SIRT1, sirtuin1; UCP 3, uncoupling protein 3; Vegfa, vascular endothelial growth factor-A; ZFAND5, zine finger AN1-type domain 5; p-Akt, phosphorylated protein kinase B; p70S6K, p70-s6 kinase 1; rpS6, ribosomal protein S6.