Table 1.
Participants' physical characteristics.
| C | EA | UA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 12 | n = 13 | n = 12 | |
| Age (y) | 10.5 ± 1.1 | 21.5 ± 2.7*** | 21.2 ± 1.5*** |
| Years to (from) APHV | −3.2 ± 1.0 | – | – |
| Height (cm) | 141.6 ± 7.5 | 177.4 ± 7.5*** | 178.3 ± 5.6*** |
| BM (kg·m−2) | 32.9 ± 5.1 | 67.5 ± 7.0*** | 75.3 ± 8.7***$ |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 16.3 ± 1.1 | 21.4 ± 1.5*** | 23.7 ± 2.3***$$ |
| BF (%) | 16.4 ± 2.9 | 8.7 ± 2.0*** | 11.3 ± 4.0***$ |
| FFM (kg) | 27.5 ± 4.2 | 61.6 ± 6.0*** | 66.6 ± 5.9***$ |
| HRrest (bpm) | 81.8 ± 8.6 | 53.2 ± 7.5*** | 72.7 ± 10.6***$$$ |
| VO2max/BM (mL·min−1·kg−1) | 49.0 ± 7.9 | 67.1 ± 6.9*** | 48.1 ± 7.7$$$ |
| PVO2max (W) | 130.2 ± 26.9 | 366.2 ± 46.3*** | 290.5 ± 40.2***$$$ |
| PVO2max/BM (W·kg−1) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6*** | 3.9 ± 0.6$$$ |
| Pmax-to-PVO2max ratio | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3***$$$ |
Values are means ± SD. C, children; EA, endurance athletes; UA, untrained adults.
*, **, ***
Significantly different from children at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively.
$, $$, $$$
Significantly different from endurance athletes (EA) at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. APHV, age at the peak height velocity; BM, body mass; BMI, body mass index; BF, body fat; FFM, fat-free mass; HR, heart rate; VO2max, maximum oxygen uptake; PVO2max, power at maximum oxygen uptake.