Table 2.
Associations Between Maternal Education and Childhood Cancer Incidence, Registry-Based Case-Cohort Study (Total Sample = 14,854; Controls = 11,907), Linked Minnesota Birth and Cancer Records, 1989–2014
| Model | All Childhood Cancers Combined (n = 2,947) | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (n = 673) | Acute Myeloid Leukemia (n = 112)a | Lymphomas (n = 311) | CNS Tumors (n = 662) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P Valueb | OR | 95% CI | P Valueb | OR | 95% CI | P Valueb | OR | 95% CI | P Valueb | OR | 95% CI | P Valueb | |
| 1Ac | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.13 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 1.02, 1.19 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.25 | 0.73 | 1.11 | 0.99, 1.25 | 0.07 | 1.12 | 1.04, 1.21 | 0.01 |
| 2Ad | 1.06 | 1.01, 1.10 | 0.01 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.18 | 0.05 | 1.06 | 0.87, 1.29 | 0.55 | 1.11 | 0.98, 1.25 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.97, 1.15 | 0.18 |
| 3Ae | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 | 0.18 | 1.07 | 0.97, 1.17 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.79, 1.22 | 0.85 | 1.12 | 0.98, 1.28 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.96, 1.16 | 0.24 |
| 4Af | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 | 0.26 | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.16 | 0.27 | 0.96 | 0.78, 1.20 | 0.75 | 1.12 | 0.98, 1.28 | 0.10 | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.16 | 0.29 |
| 5Ag | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.07 | 0.36 | 1.05 | 0.95, 1.15 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.76, 1.19 | 0.66 | 1.10 | 0.96, 1.26 | 0.18 | 1.04 | 0.95, 1.15 | 0.42 |
| Neuroblastoma (n = 267) | Retinoblastoma (n = 80) | Wilms Tumor (n = 198)b | Hepatoblastoma (n = 50) | Rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 79) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P Valuea | OR | 95% CI | P Valuea | OR | 95% CI | P Valuea | OR | 95% CI | P Valuea | OR | 95% CI | P Valuea | |
| 1Ac | 1.15 | 1.02, 1.30 | 0.03 | 1.15 | 0.91, 1.44 | 0.23 | 1.15 | 1.00, 1.32 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.54, 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 0.73, 1.14 | 0.41 |
| 2Ad | 1.13 | 0.99, 1.29 | 0.06 | 1.21 | 0.96, 1.53 | 0.11 | 1.08 | 0.93, 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.55, 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.67, 1.08 | 0.19 |
| 3Ae | 1.07 | 0.93, 1.24 | 0.33 | 1.28 | 0.97, 1.68 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.87, 1.23 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.48, 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.61, 1.02 | 0.08 |
| 4Af | 1.07 | 0.93, 1.24 | 0.34 | 1.27 | 0.97, 1.68 | 0.09 | 1.02 | 0.86, 1.20 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.50, 0.96 | 0.03 | 0.78 | 0.60, 1.01 | 0.06 |
| 5Ag | 1.09 | 0.94, 1.26 | 0.28 | 1.25 | 0.94, 1.65 | 0.12 | 1.02 | 0.86, 1.21 | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.51, 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.77 | 0.59, 1.00 | 0.05 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status.
a Random intercepts dropped from models 1A–3A due to nonconvergence from zero-value intraclass correlations.
bP values estimated from a logistic mixed model with a random intercept for census tract clustering using a 2-sided hypothesis test.
c Model 1A: bivariate.
d Model 2A adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity.
e Model 3A adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, birth order, birth year, and sex.
f Model 4A adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, birth order, birth year, sex, birth weight, and gestational age.
g Model 5A adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, birth order, birth year, sex, birth weight, gestational age, and neighborhood SES.