Table 3.
Baseline Age-Adjusted Characteristics by Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1998–2010
| Characteristic | Coffee Intake, cups/day | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n = 6,787) |
0.01–0.50 (n = 7,280) |
0.50–0.99 (n = 3,041) |
1.00–3.99 (n = 4,088) |
≥4.00 (n = 207) |
P for Trend | ||||||
| % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age, years | 61.2 (8.3) | 61.5 (8.3) | 62.6 (8.5) | 63.4 (8.3) | 63.3 (8.3) | ||||||
| BMIa | 25.9 (3.6) | 25.8 (3.3) | 26.0 (3.3) | 26.3 (3.4) | 26.8 (3.5) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Physical activity, METs/week | 36.1 (40) | 37.2 (40.8) | 36.4 (36.9) | 36.6 (39.1) | 34.6 (38.9) | 0.60 | |||||
| Currently married | 88 | 89 | 90 | 92 | 95 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||
| Never | 59 | 56 | 51 | 41 | 31 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Past | 35 | 41 | 45 | 53 | 59 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Current | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 0.90 | |||||
| Self-reported disease | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 13 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 20 | <0.0001 | |||||
| High cholesterol | 41 | 45 | 47 | 49 | 51 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Difficulty falling asleepb | 19 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 23 | 0.03 | |||||
| Waking during the nightb | 53 | 58 | 62 | 62 | 62 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Not feeling rested upon wakingb | 21 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 0.008 | |||||
| Medication | |||||||||||
| Low blood pressure | 20 | 22 | 26 | 26 | 25 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Lower cholesterol | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 12 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Sleep medicationb | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0.0007 | |||||
| Alcohol consumption, g/day | 9.8 (14.3) | 11.1 (13.1) | 11.8 (13.4) | 12.7 (14.7) | 14.6 (17.2) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Calories, kcal/day | 1,992 (614) | 2,014 (602) | 2,000 (611) | 1,999 (595) | 2,110 (604) | 0.40 | |||||
| AHEI score | 49.3 (11.5) | 52.2 (10.9) | 52.0 (11) | 51.8 (10.8) | 51.0 (10.4) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Regular coffee | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Decaffeinated coffee | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.3) | 5.6 (1.3) | <0.0001 | |||||
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index; MET; metabolic equivalent of task; SD, standard deviation.
a Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
b Variables were ascertained in the 2004 questionnaire.