Table 4.
Multivariable Associations of Cumulative Average Intakes of Total, Regular, and Decaffeinated Coffee With Erectile Dysfunction (n = 21,403), Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1998–2010
| Coffee Type and Consumption | No. of Person-Years | No. of ED Cases | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P for Trend | HR | 95% CI | P for Trend | |||
| Total coffee, cups/day | 0.004 | 0.37 | ||||||
| Nonec | 24,630 | 829 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 0.01–0.50 | 23,167 | 764 | 0.92 | 0.83, 1.01 | 0.93 | 0.84, 1.03 | ||
| 0.50–0.99 | 19,705 | 738 | 0.94 | 0.85, 1.03 | 0.92 | 0.83, 1.02 | ||
| 1.00–3.99 | 103,629 | 4,242 | 1.04 | 0.96, 1.12 | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.08 | ||
| ≥4.00 | 18,861 | 725 | 1.08 | 0.97, 1.19 | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.11 | ||
| Regular coffee, cups/day | 0.09 | 0.90 | ||||||
| Nonec | 34,791 | 1,243 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 0.01–0.50 | 36,999 | 1,424 | 1.04 | 0.97, 1.12 | 1.05 | 0.97, 1.13 | ||
| 0.50–0.99 | 23,978 | 963 | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.94, 1.12 | ||
| 1.00–3.99 | 83,857 | 3,279 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.10 | ||
| ≥4.00 | 10,365 | 359 | 1.07 | 0.95, 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.13 | ||
| Decaffeinated coffee, cups/day | 0.0005 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Nonec | 58,716 | 2,069 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 0.01–0.50 | 69,458 | 2,515 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.06 | ||
| 0.50–0.99 | 26,540 | 1,074 | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.11 | 1.02 | 0.95, 1.10 | ||
| 1.00–3.99 | 34,000 | 1,566 | 1.09 | 1.02, 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.13 | ||
| ≥4.00 | 1,278 | 74 | 1.54 | 1.22, 1.95 | 1.37 | 1.08, 1.73 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ED, erectile dysfunction; HR, hazard ratio.
a Model 1 was adjusted for age in months and calendar time.
b Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 and smoking (never, past, or current, categorized as 1–14, 15–24, ≥25 cigarettes/day), body mass index (weight in kilometers divided by height in meters squared; <25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), alcohol consumption (grams/day; 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), total physical activity (metabolic equivalent of tasks per week; quintiles), history of diabetes (yes vs. no), history of hypertension (yes vs. no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes vs. no), history of cardiovascular disease (yes vs. no), energy intake (kcal/day; quintiles), Alternative Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles), marital status (married, divorced, separated, widowed, or never married), race (white, African-American, Asian-American, or other), difficulty of falling into sleep (yes vs. no), waking during the night (yes vs. no), not feeling rested upon waking (yes vs. no), and use of cholesterol-lowering, blood pressure–lowering, or sleep-enhancing medication (yes vs. no).
c Included men who drank no regular or decaffeinated coffee.