Table 6.
Associationsa of Cumulative Average Intakes of Total Coffee, Regular Coffee, and Decaffeinated Coffee With Erectile Dysfunction, Stratified by Smoking Status, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1998–2010
| Type of Coffee and Smoking Status | Coffee Intake, cups/day | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Coffeeb | 0.01–0.50 | 0.50–0.99 | 1.00–3.99 | ≥4.00 | P for Trend | P for Interaction | ||||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Total coffee | 0.11 | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 0.98 | 0.87, 1.10 | 0.91 | 0.80, 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.89, 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.84, 1.15 | 0.78 | |
| Past smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 0.90 | 0.74, 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.80, 1.17 | 1.01 | 0.86, 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.85, 1.22 | 0.23 | |
| Current smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 0.72 | 0.27, 1.93 | 0.72 | 0.26, 2.02 | 1.45 | 0.72, 2.95 | 1.23 | 0.59, 2.56 | 0.14 | |
| Regular coffee | 0.80 | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 1.01 | 0.92, 1.12 | 0.98 | 0.87, 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.10 | 1.06 | 0.87, 1.29 | 0.86 | |
| Past smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 1.11 | 0.97, 1.26 | 1.09 | 0.95, 1.25 | 1.07 | 0.95, 1.20 | 1.05 | 0.88, 1.25 | 0.76 | |
| Current smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 1.23 | 0.62, 2.44 | 1.85 | 0.93, 3.70 | 1.50 | 0.84, 2.67 | 1.20 | 0.63, 2.27 | 0.55 | |
| Decaffeinated coffee | 0.06 | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.87, 1.08 | 1.02 | 0.92, 1.13 | 1.30 | 0.82, 2.06 | 0.72 | |
| Past smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 0.94 | 0.86, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.10 | 1.31 | 0.98, 1.74 | 0.34 | |
| Current smoker | 1.00 | Referent | 1.54 | 1.07, 2.21 | 1.54 | 0.98, 2.40 | 1.63 | 1.13, 2.35 | 2.64 | 0.88, 7.87 | 0.005 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a Included men who drank no regular or decaffeinated coffee.
b Models were adjusted for age in months, calendar time, smoking (never, past, or current, categorized as 1–14, 15–24, ≥25 cigarettes/day), body mass index (weight in kilometers divided by height in meters squared; <25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), alcohol consumption (grams/day; 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), total physical activity (metabolic equivalent of tasks per week; quintiles), history of diabetes (yes vs. no), history of hypertension (yes vs. no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes vs. no), history of cardiovascular disease (yes vs. no), energy intake (kcal/day; quintiles), Alternative Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles), marital status (married, divorced, separated, widowed, or never married), race (white, African-American, Asian-American, or other), difficulty of falling into sleep (yes vs. no), waking during the night (yes vs. no), not feeling rested upon waking (yes vs. no), and use of cholesterol-lowering, blood pressure–lowering, or sleep-enhancing medication (yes vs. no).