Table 2.
Mean (Standard Deviation) Nutrient Intakes Estimated by Means of Biomarker Measurements and 3 Self-Reporting Methods (SFFQ2, 7DDRs, and ASA24s), Women’s Lifestyle Validation Study, 2010–2012
| Nutrienta | No. of Women | Dietary Assessment Method | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarkers | SFFQ2b | 7DDRs | ASA24s | ||
| Total energy, kcal/day | 624 | 2,195 (369) | 1,853 (523) | 1,737 (335) | 1,815 (471) |
| Protein, g/day | 624 | 79.8 (18.9) | 80.4 (23.9) | 72.4 (16.1) | 77.2 (23.7) |
| Protein densityc, % of energy | 624 | 14.9 (4.0) | 17.5 (3.0) | 16.9 (2.9) | 17.4 (3.8) |
| Sodium, mg/day | 624 | 3,388 (1,004) | 2,060 (661) | 2,645 (641) | 3,079 (904) |
| Sodium densityc, mg/1,000 kcal | 624 | 1,590 (581) | 1,121 (215) | 1,536 (277) | 1,742 (409) |
| Potassium, mg/day | 624 | 3,043 (866) | 3,286 (966) | 2,661 (655) | 2,788 (856) |
| Potassium densityc, mg/1,000 kcal | 624 | 1,433 (515) | 1,794 (290) | 1,551 (316) | 1,585 (376) |
| Sodium:potassium ratio | 624 | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.4) |
| Fatty acids, % of totald | |||||
| Saturated fatty acids | 627 | 31.4 (2.7) | 35.6 (6.2) | 33.1 (4.7) | 33.8 (6.2) |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | 627 | 22.2 (2.8) | 38.0 (4.2) | 36.1 (3.1) | 35.6 (3.8) |
| PUFAs | |||||
| α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3c) | 627 | 0.6 (0.2) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.0) |
| Long-chain n-3 fatty acids (DHA + DPA + EPA) | 627 | 3.5 (1.6) | 0.8 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.7) | N/A |
| Long-chain n-3 fatty acid NSe | 363 | 2.8 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.6) |
| Linoleic acid (18:2n-6cc) | 627 | 30.0 (3.7) | 18.1 (3.7) | 19.5 (3.7) | 19.0 (4.9) |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6c) | 627 | 8.2 (1.9)) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) |
| Total PUFAs | 627 | 44.8 (4.0) | 22.2 (4.6) | 22.4 (4.2) | 21.9 (5.6) |
| Trans-fatty acids | 627 | 1.1 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.7) | 3.3 (1.1) | N/A |
| Carotenoids, μg/L or μg/dayf | |||||
| α-Carotene | 627 | 101 (94) | 855 (767) | 613 (490) | 498 (771) |
| β-Carotene | 627 | 397 (398) | 6,498 (4,055) | 4,291 (2,828) | N/A |
| β-Carotene NSe | 335 | 348 (349) | 6,342 (3,844) | 3,987 (2,707) | 3,434 (2,966) |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 627 | 160 (142) | 111 (96) | 154 (182) | 100 (138) |
| Lutein-zeaxanthin | 627 | 284 (146) | 3,926 (3,182) | 2,700 (2,799) | 2,598 (2,940) |
| Lycopene | 627 | 431 (172) | 5,613 (3,987) | 4,986 (3,570) | 5,091 (5,412) |
| Retinol, μg/L or μg/dayf | |||||
| Retinol activity equivalents | 627 | 620 (136) | 1,810 (1,302) | 1,480 (1,297) | N/A |
| Retinol activity equivalent NSe | 207 | 591 (126) | 931 (383) | 787 (399) | 762 (605) |
| Tocopherols, mg/L or mg/dayg | |||||
| α-Tocopherol | 627 | 14.1 (4.8) | 42.3 (71.9) | 37.3 (54.1) | N/A |
| α-Tocopherol NSe | 148 | 11.4 (2.7) | 9.3 (4.7) | 9.0 (3.6) | 7.8 (3.8) |
| γ-Tocopherol | 627 | 1.4 (0.8) | 10.1 (4.3) | 11.2 (3.9) | N/A |
| Folate, ng/mL or μg/dayh | |||||
| Dietary folate equivalents | 456 | 31.9 (21.6) | 1,150 (664) | 1,073 (629 | N/A |
| Dietary folate equivalent NSe | 134 | 19.3 (16.1) | 558 (375) | 518 (216) | 487(212) |
Abbreviations: ASA24, Automated-Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall; 7DDR, 7-day dietary record; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; N/A, not applicable; NS, nonsupplement subgroup; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SFFQ, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.
a Nutrient values are presented using the average of repeated measures for each method: 627 participants completed an average of 1.1 doubly labeled water measurements, 3.9 urinary biomarker measurements, 1.5 measurements of all plasma biomarkers except folate, 1 SFFQ2, 2 weeks of 7DDR, and an average of 2.9 days of ASA24. A total of 456 participants completed 2 plasma folate biomarker measurements. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated using untransformed variables.
b SFFQ2 was the SFFQ completed at the end of the data-collection year.
c Nutrient density was calculated using the concurrent energy assessment.
d For concentration biomarkers, the nutrient units for biomarkers and self-reporting methods are not directly comparable. The unit for fatty acid biomarkers is percentage of total fatty acids, while the unit for self-reported fatty acid intake is percentage of total fat.
e Subgroup of women not taking a supplement containing the corresponding nutrient.
f The unit for carotenoid/retinol biomarkers is μg/L, while the unit for self-reported carotenoid/retinol intake is μg/day.
g The unit for tocopherol biomarkers is mg/L, while the unit for self-reported tocopherol intake is mg/day.
h The unit for folate biomarkers is ng/mL, while the unit for self-reported folate intake is μg/day.