Table 3.

Mean Differences in Average Sleep Time, Odds Ratios of Short Sleep, and Mean Differences in Average Sleep Efficiency for a 1-Standard-Deviation Difference in Built Environment Features and Neighborhood Survey-Based Noise (n = 1,767), Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2010–2012

Exposure	Model 1a		Model 2b
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Average sleep time, minutes
Social engagement destinations per mile2	−7.6	−12.4, −2.8	−3.5	−9.4, 2.3
Intersection density per hectare	−6.0	−10.1, −1.9	−2.3	−7.3, 2.7
Population density per mile2	−8.7	−12.9, −4.6	−6.2	−11.4, −0.9
SS Walk Score	−9.1	−13.2, −5.0	−7.0	−12.7, −1.3
Average efficiency, %
Social engagement destinations per mile2	−0.1	−0.3, 0.2	0.1	−0.2, 0.4
Intersection density per hectare	−0.2	−0.4, 0.0	−0.1	−0.4, 0.1
Population density per mile2	−0.2	−0.4, 0.0	−0.1	−0.4, 0.1
SS Walk Score	−0.1	−0.3, 0.1	0.1	−0.2, 0.4
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Short sleepc
Social engagement destinations per mile2	1.2	1.1, 1.4	1.2	1.0, 1.4
Intersection density per hectare	1.1	1.0, 1.3	1.1	0.9, 1.2
Population density per mile2	1.2	1.0, 1.3	1.1	0.9, 1.3
SS Walk Score	1.3	1.1, 1.4	1.3	1.0, 1.5

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SS, Street Smart.

^a Model 1 includes only the built environment exposure, which was adjusted for sex, race, age, age squared, educational level, income, neighborhood socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, depressive symptoms (as measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale), and physical activity level.

^b Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 and neighborhood noise exposure. Values for neighborhood aggregate noise are as follows: average sleep time (minutes), mean difference = −7.7, 95% CI: −11.7, −3.7; for short sleep, odds ratio = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.3; and for average efficiency (%), mean difference = −0.2, 95% CI: −0.4, 0.0.

^c Short sleep was defined as ≤6 hours (vs. >6 hours).