Table 1.
Basic characteristics of participants.
| Variables | All patients(Mean ± S.D.) | Non-diabetic patients(Mean ± S.D.) | Type 2 diabetic patients(Mean ± S.D.) | p-value for statistical test* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size, n (%) | 188 (100) | 93 (49.46) | 95 (50.54) | 0.859 |
| Age (years) | 55.67 ± 12.31 | 54.07 ± 12.30 | 55.70 ± 11.16 | 0.056 |
| Weight (kg) | 76.17 ± 12.72 | 89.53 ± 8.94 | 73.84 ± 11.82 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 162.08 ± 7.17 | 168.78 ± 5.43 | 160.91 ± 6.80 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.84 ± 13.18 | 98.16 ± 5.12 | 97.78 ± 14.14 | 0.890 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.92 ± 4.35 | 31.41 ± 2.85 | 28.49 ± 4.43 | 0.001 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 128.84 ± 14.31 | 127.57 ± 11.00 | 129.06 ± 14.83 | 0.612 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 76.11 ± 9.80 | 76.57 ± 9.62 | 76.03 ± 9.86 | 0.789 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58 ± 7.58 | 45 ± 3.92 | 61 ± 10.29 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dl) | 164 ± 36 | 136 ± 31 | 170 ± 35 | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 108 ± 31 | 115 ± 29 | 107 ± 32 | 0.206 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 39 ± 10 | 35 ± 4 | 40 ± 11 | 0.057 |
| TC/HDL-c | 4.42 ± 1.42 | 3.87 ± 0.96 | 4.52 ± 1.47 | 0.026 |
| Apo B/Apo A1 | 0.76 ± 0.33 | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 0.77 ± 0.15 | 0.302 |
| Vitamin A intake (μg) | 1533.63 ± 567.23 | 1362.67 ± 474.90 | 1563.55 ± 577.98 | 0.084 |
| Vitamin C intake (mg) | 139.50 ± 69.46 | 106.77 ± 41.21 | 145.23 ± 71.86 | 0.007 |
| Vitamin E intake (mg) | 18.07 ± 6.88 | 14.93 ± 6.19 | 18.62 ± 6.86 | 0.009 |
| Zinc intake (mg) | 11.82 ± 4.21 | 12.66 ± 4.95 | 11.67 ± 4.07 | 0.253 |
| Manganese intake (mg) | 3.03 ± 1.30 | 2.68 ± 1.20 | 3.09 ± 1.31 | 0.131 |
| Copper intake (mg) | 2.19 ± 0.40 | 1.93 ± 0.45 | 2.24 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
*
Comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic groups, mean values were compared using Student t-test and percentages were compared with Chi-square test, p < 0.05 was considered to be significant; S.D., standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; F TC, fasting total cholesterol; F HDL-c, fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; apo, apolipoprotein. Bold indicates significant p-values.