Figure 3.

Piperine decreases cell migration in DU145 cells. Migration was performed via a Transwell assay. DU145 cells were pretreated with (A) control or (B) piperine (160 µM) for 48 h (scale bars, 10 µm). (C) The cell number was calculated in 4 random fields for each treatment. (D) The expression level of MMP-9 in DU145 cells was performed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. GAPDH was used as the internal control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3). *P<0.05 vs. Control group. MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide.