Table 2.
Characteristics of survivors and nonsurvivors
| Characteristic | Survivors N = 11 | Nonsurvivors N = 42 | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR) | 40 (23–43) | 35 (29.8–48.2) | – | 0.63 | – | – |
| Male:female ratio | 1.8:1 | 1.9:1 | 1.1 (0.2–5.3) | 1 | 1.0 (0.2–4.8) | 1 |
| Health-care worker | 4/11 (36.4%) | 14/41 (34.1%) | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | 1 | 1.0 (0.2–6.2) | 1 |
| Median duration of hospitalization in days (IQR) | 17 (13.5–20.5) | 4 (2.3–6) | – | 3 × 10−6 | – | – |
| Duration of hospitalization > 10 days* | 9/11 (81.8%) | 1/42 (2.4%) | 136 (12–7,650) | 1 × 10−7 | 124 (10.6–7,380) | 2 × 10−7 |
| Median days (IQR) between symptom onset and admission | 4.5 (2.3–6.8)) | 5 (3–7) | – | 0.67 | – | – |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||||
| Weakness | 8/9 (88.9%) | 32/35 (91.4%) | 1.3 (0.0–19.3) | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–16) | 1 |
| Fever | 8/11 (72.7%) | 31/37 (83.7%) | 1.9 (0.3–11.6) | 0.41 | 1.8 (0.2–10.5) | 0.67 |
| Diarrhea | 2/9 (22.2%) | 33/36 (91.7%) | 32.8 (4.1–464) | 8 × 10−5 | 26.1 (3.5–332) | 2 × 10−4 |
| Nausea | 6/9 (66.7%) | 26/36 (72.2) | 1.3 (0.2–7.6) | 0.7 | 1.3 (0.2–7.8) | 0.7 |
| Vomiting | 4/9 (44.4%) | 23/36 (63.9%) | 2.2 (0.4–13.1) | 0.45 | 2.1 (0.4–12.7) | 0.45 |
| Abdominal pain | 4/9 (44.4%) | 18/32 (56.2%) | 1.6 (0.3–9.6) | 0.71 | 1.42 (0.2–8.8) | 0.72 |
| Headache | 3/8 (37.5%) | 18/32 (56.2%) | 2.1 (0.3–15.9) | 0.44 | 2.4 (0.4–17.7) | 0.43 |
| Hemorrhagic symptoms: | ||||||
| Visible† | 0/10 (0%) | 11/34 (32.4%) | ‡ | 0.046 | ‡ | 0.041 |
| Subconjunctival† | 0/10 (0%) | 13/34 (38.2%) | ‡ | 0.021 | ‡ | 0.019 |
| Combined | 0/10 (0%) | 17/34 (50.0%) | ‡ | 3.7 × 10−3 | ‡ | 2.9 × 10−3 |
| Respiratory distress | 2/10 (20%) | 7/34 (20.6%) | 1.0 (0.2–12.2) | 1 | 1.1 (0.2–12.8) | 1 |
| Hiccups | 0/10 (0%) | 2/34 (5.9%) | ‡ | 1 | ‡ | 1 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Median temperature (°C) on admission (IQR) | 38 (37–38.6) | 37.2 (36.8–37.9) | – | 0.26 | – | – |
| Median maximum temperature (°C) during admission (IQR) | 38.4 (38–39.2) | 38.6 (38–39.4) | – | 0.81 | – | – |
| Median admission heart rate (IQR) (beats per minute) | 77 (70–84) | 88 (82–102) | – | 0.1 | – | – |
| Median admission respiratory rate (IQR) (breaths per minute) | 27 (25–30) | 22 (20–27) | – | 0.23 | – | – |
CI = confidence interval; IQR = interquartile range; OR = odds ratio.
*
10 days is the midpoint in the median duration of hospitalization between those who died and those who survived.
†
Visible hemorrhagic symptoms refer to active bleeding from one or more sites; subconjunctival refers to the severe conjunctivitis several patients presented with, some of whom progressed to frank subconjunctival hemorrhage.
‡
All patients with these symptoms died, resulting in an infinite OR.