Table 1.

Similarities between naturally-occurring canine invasive urothelial carcinoma and human invasive urothelial carcinoma

Similarities in muscle-invasive bladder cancer between dogs and humans
Physiological age of onset
Clinical signs/symptoms
Cellular and pathological features including high grade, tumor heterogeneity, and local invasion
Molecular subtypes (e.g. luminal, basal)
Biological behavior (sites and frequency of metastasis)
Response to chemotherapy (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin, vinblastine)
Shared molecular targets (e.g. EGFR, CDKN2B, PIK3CA, BRCA2, NFkB, ARHGEF4, XPA, RB1CC1, RPS6, MITF, and WT1)