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. 2018 May 1;13(5):e0196154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196154

Table 2. Fecal analyses detected 41 metabolites with known biological effects that significantly differentiated metabolome of elderly bats.

Metabolites demonstrated ≥2-fold changes and p < 0.05. Log2 abundance ratios for all metabolites were acquired in ESI+ mode.

Tryptophan Metabolism and Oxidation
Metabolite Formula Non-normalized abundance [young] Non-normalized abundance [elderly] Log2 abundance ration ([elderly]/[young]) p (Corr) Reference
1 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid C11 H9 N O2 2.3 229712.5 16.6 0.01010 [42]
2 Indole C8 H7 N 1.3 4025.5 11.6 0.01010 [43–46]
3 3-Methylindole C9 H9 N 0.9 704.8 9.6 0.01010 [47,48]
4 2-aminomuconic acid semialdehyde C6 H7 N O3 0.9 457 9.0 0.01147 [49]
5 N, N-Dihydroxy-L-tryptophan C11 H12 N2 O4 2.2 477.8 7.8 0.01010 [49]
Incomplete Protein Digestion/Catabolism
6 Threoninyl-Phenylalanine C13 H18 N2 O4 1.9 19997.9 13.3 0.01010 [50]
7 Valyl-Isoleucine C11 H22 N2 O3 4.2 9355.4 11.1 0.01010 [50]
8 Leu Asp Lys C16 H30 N4 O6 3.1 4252.3 10.4 0.01108 [50,51]
9 Prolyl-Lysine C11 H21 N3 O3 1.7 1426.9 9.7 0.01010 [50]
10 Ile Gly Arg C15 H24 N10 0.9 396.2 8.8 0.01010 [50]
11 Pyrrolidine C4 H9 N 4.1 1580.7 8.6 0.01010 [50]
12 Pro Val Pro C15 H28 N4 O4 1.3 320.2 8.0 0.01010 [50]
13 Leu Lys Ala C21 H32 N S 1.3 263.7 7.6 0.01010 [50]
14 Leu Pro Lys C18 H28 N8 1.3 233.3 7.5 0.01384 [50]
15 Histidinylglycine C8 H12 N4 O3 1.9 239.1 6.9 0.01010 [50]
Protein and Amino Acid Synthesis
16 L-Homocitrulline C7 H15 N3 O3 26.2 17837.7 9.4 0.01147 [52]
17 L-Lysine 1,6-lactam C6 H12 N2 O 2.1 316 7.3 0.01157 [49]
18 Ganglioside GD3 (d18:0/12:0) C64H113N30O29 1.4 186.8 7.1 0.01751 [41]
DNA degradation
19 N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine C12H17N5O5 0.9 243.9 8.0 0.01157 [53]
Glycation Indicator
20 N2-Fructopyranosylarginine C12 H24 N4 O7 2.2 700.1 8.3 0.03993 [54]
Mitochondrial Respiratory chain failure
21 Malonylcarnitine C10 H17 N O6 5.3 3095.4 9.2 0.01572 [55]
Fatty Alcohol
22 2,4,6-Octatriyn-1-ol C8 H6 O 23.2 79422.5 11.7 0.01157 [41]
Biotin Metabolism
23 apo- [3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA: carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)] C7 H15 N3 O2 5.7 5340.6 9.9 0.02793 [41]
Methane Production
24 N-Furfurylformamide C6 H7 N O2 21.5 22187.8 10.0 0.01010 [56]
Cytoketogenesis
25 Isopentenyladenine C10 H13 N5 2.8 1624.2 9.2 0.04454 [57,58]
Isothiocyanate
26 6-Isothiocyanato-1-hexene C7 H11 NS 1.4 990.5 9.4 0.01108 [41]
Organofloride
27 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C2 H2 Cl F3 1.3 206.1 7.3 0.01010 [41]
Bacteria Quorum Sensing/ Biofilm inhibition
28 N-3-oxo-tetradec-7(Z)-enoyl-L-Homoserine lactone C18 H29 N O4 1.8 137.7 6.2 0.01157 [59]
Fructosylation Product
29 N-(1-Deoxy-1 fructosyl) threonine C10 H19 NO8 1.9 209 6.7 0.025300 [41]
Antibiotics/Pharmaceuticals
30 Lomustine C9 H16CI N3 O2 2 482.3 7.9 0.01157 [60]
31 Methylmercury chloride C H3 Cl Hg 2.2 465.6 7.8 0.01010 [61]
32 Caldine C26 H33 NO6 1.4 286.5 7.7 0.01010 [62]
33 Gaboxadol C6 H8 N2 O2 2.1 366.5 7.4 0.02525 [63]
34 2-Propylglutaric acid C8 H14 O4 0 5.7 9.6 0.01239 [64]
35 Istamycin X0 C14 H30 N4 O4 1.4 199.6 7.2 0.02793 [49]
Pesticides/Fungicides
36 Bithionol C12 H6 Cl4 O2 S 1.7 118.4 6.1 0.01157 [65]
37 Zinnimidine C15 H19 NO3 1.9 277 7.2 0.01239 [66]
38 Dimethyl phosphate C2 H7 O4 P 1.1 152.9 7.1 0.01010 [67]
39 Procymidone C13H11Cl2NO2 1.5 1499.3 9.9 0.01010 [68,69]
Endogenous Peptides
40 1-amino-3,3-diethoxypropane C7 H17 N O2 4.1 1812.9 8.8 0.01157
41 α-Thiophenecarboxylic acid C5 H4 O2 S 2.8 1018.4 8.5 0.01010