Fig. 2.

The cerebral angiography showing a left vertebral arteriovenous fistula (VAVF). The superficial vertebral venous plexus was identified as the drainage route (white arrows). There is no apparent perimedullary drainage route. The extracranial vertebral aneurysm (EVAn) is also demonstrated (arrowhead). (A) Working angle RAO 106, cranial 12, (B) working angle RAO 13, cranial 19. Three-dimensional reconstruction image of the cerebral angiography showing the VAVF. As seen in Figs. 2A and 2B, the superficial vertebral venous plexus are shown as the drainage route (C and D white arrows). The EVAn is indicated (arrowhead). (C) RAO 7, (D) RAO 112. After coil embolization, the VAVF (E) working angle RAO 13, cranial 19.