Table 3.
Results of HLM analyses.
| Variables | Job performance |
Job satisfaction |
OBSE |
Employee experienced HPWS |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | |
| Level 1 | ||||||||||
| Intercept | 5.60*** (0.09) | 5.60*** (0.09) | 5.59*** (0.06) | 3.99*** (0.03) | 3.98*** (0.04) | 3.96*** (0.04) | 3.39*** (0.03) | 3.41*** (0.04) | 3.76*** (0.07) | 3.73*** (0.07) |
| Gender | -0.05 (0.08) | -0.04 (0.07) | -0.04 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.09* (0.04) | -0.074 (0.044) | -0.14* (0.05) | -0.05 (0.06) | -0.03 (0.07) |
| Age | 0.001 (0.013) | 0.001 (0.013) | -0.005 (0.013) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | -0.018 (0.01) | -0.023* (0.01) | -0.01 (0.01) | -0.015 (0.016) |
| Education level | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.16) | 0.06 (0.15) | -0.02 (0.06) | -0.01 (0.06) | -0.064* (0.024) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.08) | -0.13 (0.10) | -0.12 (0.14) |
| Tenure | 0.015 (0.013) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | -0.003 (0.012) | -0.001 (0.01) | -0.002 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.019 (0.01) | -0.003 (0.013) | 0.009 (0.01) |
| Social exchange | 0.15 (0.10) | -0.09 (0.08) | 0.53*** (0.07) | 0.52***(0.08) | ||||||
| Employee experienced HPWS | 0.20* (0.09) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.67*** (0.07) | 0.32*** (0.08) | 0.33***(0.07) | 0.41*** (0.04) | 0.39*** (0.07) | ||
| OBSE | 0.11* (0.05) | 0.12* (0.05) | 0.15* (0.06) | 0.15* (0.06) | ||||||
| Level 2 | ||||||||||
| Goal congruence | 0.50*** (0.12) | 0.123 (0.059) | 0.25** (0.07) | |||||||
| Level 3 | ||||||||||
| Firm size | -0.08 (0.14) | -0.04 (0.14) | 0.04 (0.10) | -0.001 (0.042) | -0.03 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.03) | -0.04 (0.04) | -0.09 (0.05) | -0.22* (0.09) | -0.175* (0.081) |
| Firm age | -0.001 (0.004) | 0.0001 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.003) | 0.004 (0.003) | -0.001 (0.002) | -0.006** (0.002) | -0.008* (0.003) | -0.015*** (0.003) | -0.014** (0.004) |
| Organizational-level HPWS | 0.19***(0.04) | 0.10* (0.04) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.104 (0.055) | 0.082 (0.066) | |||||
| Mean goal congruence | 0.27* (0.10) | 0.23*** (0.04) | 0.121 (0.059) | -0.08 (0.10) | ||||||
| Organi zational-level HPWS × Mean goal congruence | 0.39***(0.08) | -0.097 (0.048) | 0.17* (0.06) | -0.02 (0.12) | ||||||
| Cross-level interaction | ||||||||||
| Organizational-level HPWS × Goal congruence | 0.19 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.11* (0.05) | ||||||
N = 397 at Level 1, N = 84 at Level 2, N = 21 at Level 3. Unstandardized coefficients were presented and the corresponding standard errors were reported in the parentheses. ∗p < 0.05. ∗∗p < 0.01. ∗∗∗p < 0.001.