Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics by Empiric Antibiotic Usage
| Clinical Characteristic | Entire Population
(n = 1486) |
Received Empiric Antibiotics
(n = 1297) |
No Empiric Antibiotics
(n = 189) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 855 (58) | 726 (56) | 129 (68) | <.01 |
| Age, y | ||||
| <5 | 431 (29) | 410 (32) | 21 (11) | <.01 |
| 5–11 | 224 (15) | 204 (16) | 20 (11) | <.01 |
| 12–23 | 270 (18) | 215 (17) | 55 (29) | Ref |
| 24–59 | 466 (31) | 385 (30) | 81 (43) | .31 |
| ≥60 | 95 (6) | 83 (6) | 12 (6) | .1 |
| Low income | 559 (38) | 496 (38) | 63 (33) | .2 |
| Received antibiotics in the past week | 319 (21) | 288 (22) | 31 (16) | .07 |
| HIV infection | 127 (16) | 111 (17) | 16 (12) | .2 |
| Diabetes | 49 (4) | 40 (4) | 9 (5) | .41 |
| Altered mental status | 213 (14) | 198 (15) | 15 (8) | <.01 |
| Bilirubin >1.8 mg/dL | 97 (7) | 84 (7) | 13 (7) | .87 |
| Creatinine >1.4 mg/dL | 124 (8) | 115 (9) | 9 (5) | .07 |
| Leukocytosis | 458 (31) | 430 (34) | 28 (15) | <.01 |
| Admitted to ICU | 225 (15) | 220 (17) | 5 (3) | <.01 |
| Admission diagnosis | ||||
| Mosquito-borne disease | 253 (17) | 187 (14) | 66 (35) | <.01 |
| Dengue | 129 (9) | 86 (7) | 43 (23) | <.01 |
| Malaria | 71 (5) | 55 (4) | 16 (8) | <.01 |
| Mixed mosquito-borne disease | 21 (1) | 18 (1) | 3 (2) | .42 |
| Pneumonia | 260 (17) | 253 (20) | 7 (4) | .01 |
| Meningitis | 109 (7) | 104 (8) | 5 (3) | .18 |
| Gastroenteritis/ enterocolitis | 81 (5) | 77 (6) | 4 (2) | .27 |
| No diagnosis | 487 (33) | 399 (31) | 88 (47) | <.01 |
| URTI | 71 (5) | 68 (5) | 3 (2) | .22 |
| Multiple | 53 (4) | 51 (4) | 2 (1) | .24 |
| Other | 204 (14) | 186 (14) | 18 (10) | Ref |
Data are presented as No. (%) of patients. P values were calculated using Fisher exact tests with the exception of age and admission diagnosis, which were assessed as categorical variables with logistic regression.
Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICU, intensive care unit; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.