Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Patients with schizophrenia (n = 153) | Healthy controls (n = 328) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± Standard deviation | Range | Mean ± Standard deviation | Range | Statistical comparison | |
| Age (years) | 36.9 ± 9.4 | 18-58 | 36.4 ± 10.7 | 18–59 | t(334.7) = −0.49, p = 0.63, Cohen's d = 0.05 |
| Sex, male (%) | 82 (53.6) | 150 (45.7) | = 2.58, p = 0.11, ϕ = −0.07 | ||
| Education (years) | 14.0 ± 2.4 | 9–22 | 15.1 ± 2.1 | 9–22 | t(267.1) = 5.02, p = 9.4.E-07, Cohen's d = 0.51 |
| Body mass idex (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 5.1 | 14.3–45.2 | 22.1 ± 3.4 | 15.8–34.3 | t(209.5) = −4.68, p = 5.0.E-06, Cohen's d = 0.54 |
| Underweight | 15 (9.8) | 26 (7.9) | = 0.55, p = 0.46, ϕ = 0.03 | ||
| Normal | 85 (55.5) | 43 (74.1) |
= 15.05, p = 1.0.E-04, ϕ = −0.18 OR = 0.45, 95%CI:0.30-0.68 |
||
| Overweight | 32 (20.9) | 47 (14.3) | = 3.62, p = 0.057, ϕ = 0.09 | ||
| Obese | 17 (11.1) | 9 (2.7) |
= 14.71, p = 1.3.E-04, ϕ = 0.18 OR = 4.52, 95%CI:2.00-10.40 |
||
| BACS | |||||
| Verbal memory | 40.6 ± 12.8 | 10–71 | 51.5 ± 9.6 | 20–75 | F(1, 468) = 89.34, p = 1.6.E-19, η2 = 0.13 |
| Working memory | 18.7 ± 4.5 | 8–28 | 22.1 ± 3.7 | 10–28 | F(1, 468) = 61.50, p = 3.0.E-14, η2 = 0.10 |
| Motor speed | 70.7 ± 16.4 | 22–100 | 83.4 ± 12.1 | 40–100 | F(1, 468) = 70.17, p = 6.4.E-16, η2 = 0.12 |
| Verbal fluency | 43.5 ± 12.3 | 14–76 | 51.8 ± 10.3 | 26–87 | F(1, 468) = 41.10, p = 3.5.E-10, η2 = 0.08 |
| Attention | 54.4 ± 13.3 | 19–86 | 72.1 ± 12.9 | 37–100 | F(1, 468) = 174.18, p = 4.9.E-34, η2 = 0.22 |
| Executive function | 16.7 ± 3.4 | 4–22 | 18.3 ± 2.6 | 3–22 | F(1, 468) = 26.64, p = 3.6.E-07, η2 = 0.05 |
| Composite | −1.00 ± 0.9 | −3.89–1.01 | 0.00 ± 0.6 | −1.94–1.50 | F(1, 468) = 168.50, p = 4.0.E-33, η2 = 0.22 |
| Age of onset (years) | 23.1 ± 7.2 | 5–54 | |||
| Duration of illness (years) | 13.7 ± 8.9 | 1–38 | |||
| CPeq (mg/day) | |||||
| Typical antipsychotics | 95.8 ± 220.7 | 0–1362.5 | |||
| Atypical antipsychotics | 349.3 ± 375.7 | 0–1860 | |||
| Total antipsychotics | 445.2 ± 410.3 | 0–1960 | |||
| Antiparkinson medication use (%) | 57 (37.3) | ||||
| Minor tranquilizer use (%) | 89 (58.2) | ||||
| Any psychotropic medication use (%) | 131 (85.6) | ||||
| PANSS | |||||
| Positive | 13.6 ± 5.0 | 7–32 | |||
| Negative | 15.8 ± 6.1 | 7–33 | |||
| General psychopathology | 29.9 ± 8.3 | 16–53 | |||
BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; CI, confidence interval; CPeq, chlorpromazine-equivalent dose; OR, odds ratio; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
Significant p-values (p < 0.016 for the t-test, p < 0.01 for the chi-square test, and p < 0.007 for the multivariate analysis of covariance, corrected for multiple testing) are shown in bold exponents. There were 4 and 3 missing values of BMI scores in the patients and controls, respectively.