Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Comorbidities
| Group; No. (%) of Patients* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| Characteristic | ESBL Urosepsis (n = 58) | Non-ESBL Urosepsis (n = 118) | p Value |
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 69.6 ± 16.1 | 66.2 ± 18.7 | 0.24 |
|
| |||
| Sex, male | 33 (56.9) | 39 (33.1) | 0.003 |
|
| |||
| Residence | 0.89 | ||
| Home | 48 (82.8) | 99 (83.9) | |
| Long-term care facility | 7 (12.1) | 12 (10.2) | |
| Assisted living | 3 (5.2) | 6 (5.1) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | |
|
| |||
| Primary language | < 0.001 | ||
| English | 19 (32.8) | 75 (63.6) | |
| Punjabi or Hindi | 33 (56.9) | 26 (22.0) | |
| Other | 1 (1.7) | 7 (5.9) | |
| Unknown | 5 (8.6) | 10 (8.5) | |
|
| |||
| Travel history | |||
| In past 6 months | 12 (20.7) | 13 (11.0) | 0.11 |
| To endemic region in past 6 months | 12 (20.7) | 8 (6.8) | 0.010 |
|
| |||
| Exposure | |||
| Community-acquired | 48 (82.8) | 97 (82.2) | > 0.99 |
| Nosocomial | 10 (17.2) | 21 (17.8) | > 0.99 |
| Hospitalization in past 12 months | 32 (55.2) | 38 (32.2) | 0.005 |
|
| |||
| Sepsis at time of presentation | 45 (77.6) | 82 (69.5) | 0.29 |
|
| |||
| Urological procedures† within 1 month before admission | 10 (17.2) | 14 (11.9) | 0.36 |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (46.6) | 42 (35.6) | 0.19 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 27 (46.6) | 18 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hemodialysis | 2 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 0.60 |
| Recurrent UTI (> 3/year) | 22 (37.9) | 19 (16.1) | 0.002 |
| Pregnancy | 3 (5.2) | 5 (4.2) | 0.72 |
| Stroke or TIA | 14 (24.1) | 17 (14.4) | 0.14 |
| Neurological disorder‡ | 8 (13.8) | 13 (11.0) | 0.62 |
|
| |||
| Immunocompromise | |||
| HIV | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | > 0.99 |
| Hepatitis C | 5 (8.6) | 2 (1.7) | 0.040 |
| Malignancy | 4 (6.9) | 10 (8.5) | > 0.99 |
| Transplant recipient | 0 (0) | 2 (1.7) | > 0.99 |
| Use of immunosuppressants§ | 3 (5.2) | 5 (4.2) | 0.72 |
|
| |||
| Urogenital comorbidities | |||
| Any structural malformation¶ | 31 (53.4) | 45 (38.1) | 0.075 |
| Urinary retention | 4 (6.9) | 9 (7.6) | > 0.99 |
| Nephrolithiasis | 4 (6.9) | 13 (11.0) | 0.59 |
| Renal stents | 2 (3.4) | 1 (0.8) | 0.25 |
| Tumour of prostate or urinary tract | 4 (6.9) | 1 (0.8) | 0.041 |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy | 14 (24.1) | 13 (11.0) | 0.028 |
| Indwelling catheter | 8 (13.8) | 14 (11.9) | 0.81 |
CKD = chronic kidney disease, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESBL = extended-spectrum β-lactamase, SD = standard deviation, TIA = transient ischemic attack, UTI = urinary tract infection.
Except where indicated otherwise.
Transurethral prostate resection, insertion of renal stent, insertion of nephrostomy tube, biopsy of kidney and/or prostate, cystoscopy.
Spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer dementia, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injury.
Use of methotrexate, corticosteroids > 5 mg equivalent of prednisone daily for > 14 days, calcineurin inhibitors, chemotherapy, biologics, other immune modulators.
Urinary retention, benign prostatic hypertrophy, indwelling catheter, malignancy of the prostate or urinary tract, renal stent, nephrolithiasis, urinary strictures, fistula, or trabeculation of the bladder.